In my opinion, the reason why India lost this war in 1962 was fundamentally because the Indian army did not have the strength to fight against China. I'm not looking down on the Indian army, I'm just calmly thinking, why do Indians think they can win?
If a group of people were given a gun, could they be called an army? No
如果给一群人人手一把枪，他们能被称为军队吗？不。
A elite army should have good equipment, rich combat experience, strong spirit, and strict discipline. To be honest, I think the Indian army is not doing well enough on the above four points.
In ancient China, the official army often only needed a few thousand cavalry to defeat and kill over 100000 peasant uprisings, so the rabble often had little combat power.
The gap between the Chinese and Indian armies directly led to the outcome of the war.
中印军队之间的差距直接导致了战争的结果。
The Chinese military knows when to equip artillery and when to lay down artillery. Know the optimal distance between officers at all levels of the People's Liberation Army and the front line. The People's Liberation Army also knows the distance you can reach if you use light infantry to transport supplies to the enemy's rear.
These are all decades of accumulated combat experience, so the Chinese army can encircle the rear of the Indian army from mountainous areas that the Indian army deems impossible to pass through.
Most of the border between the two countries is naturally divided by snowy mountains. India cannot occupy the north of the the Himalayas, nor can China fully occupy the south of the Himalayas. Because in winter, your army lost support from the rear and could only be repelled.
On September 11, 1962, at 7:30 am, Indian soldiers approached the Chinese outpost. China insisted on the principle of not firing first and demanded that Indian soldiers take a step back.
On September 11th at 8:05, Indian soldiers first killed a soldier named Li Yancheng who was speaking and demanding Indian soldiers to retreat with a hand grenade, and six Chinese soldiers were injured.
Then the Chinese soldiers counterattacked, ended the conflict within 7 minutes, eliminated 67 Indian soldiers, and destroyed 7 Indian Defence fortifications with 40 type Rocket artillery.
At 8:15 on September 11th, Indian soldiers ran out of the Chinese controlled area. Chinese soldiers did not chase into Indian controlled areas. (Many bodies of Indian soldiers remained in China, and after the conflict ended, Indian soldiers brought white flags into China to retrieve these bodies.)
Subsequently, the 17th Indian Artillery Brigade opened fire. Subsequently, the 380th Regiment of the Chinese Artillery launched a counterattack with 82 and 120 mortars.
During the four days and three nights of shelling, the Chinese artillery destroyed eight artillery positions, two command posts, two posts, 23 Fortification and two trucks. Killed and injured 540 Indian soldiers. Finally, Indian artillery stopped firing at 22:00 on September 13th, and China stopped firing after receiving instructions from Premier Zhou Enlai at noon on September 14th. If there is a ceasefire in India, we will also cease fire.
On October 1st at 11:20, a total of 7 Indian soldiers crossed the border and attempted to kidnap a Chinese soldier back to India, but failed. They were then pushed back to the Indian border. As usual, Indian soldiers first shot and killed one soldier and injured one Chinese soldier. Subsequently, Chinese soldiers counterattacked and eliminated all seven Indian soldiers who had crossed the border.
The Indian artillery fired with 51mm and 81mm mortars. Chinese artillery counterattacked at 12:00, killing and injuring half of the soldiers of two Indian companies, totaling 195 Indian soldiers. And destroyed 29 Fortification.
Finally, Indian soldiers waved white flags and entered China to retrieve their companions' bodies and weapons, and signed a temporary ceasefire document.
All this is thanks to Nehru and his favorite defense minister, Krishna Menon. So, let's take a closer look at the reasons why India was destined to fail in the 62 year war.
After independence, Nehru chose to ignore the construction of the National Defense Force, and even said that we are a nonviolent country that does not require a National Defense Force, as long as the police are sufficient.
2. The political leadership led by Nehru once again disregarded warnings and never regarded China as a strong opponent, continuing to peddle Hindu theories.
3. Our soldiers are not even equipped with suitable ammunition, winter clothes, or footstools during combat.
3.我们的士兵在作战时甚至没有配备合适的弹药、冬衣或脚凳。
4. Krishna Menon and the army commander subsequently appointed by General B. M. Kaul of Nehru deliberately ignored the reliable information of the ground officers, which cost us the lives of soldiers.
At that time, India's air and naval power was to some extent superior to China's, and the government was suggested to use air power to assist ground forces. However, as usual, Nehru rejected this proposal, leading to a humiliating failure.
6. Krishna Menon, who was involved in the military jeep fraud, is still working in the government because he is the only blue eyed boy Nehru loves.
6.卷入军用吉普车贪污骗局的克里希纳·梅农仍在政府任职，因为他是尼赫鲁唯一挚爱的蓝眼睛男孩。
Nehru requested Kennedy's help against China, and he agreed. Nehru agreed to join the United States' alliance, but within a few hours, Nehru refused, saying that he could not join the alliance. They were leaders of non alliance.
In the 1950s, Nehru's position as a politician continued to rise on the international stage. Menon is an Indian diplomat with extreme left views. He once stationed in Britain and was a friend of Nehru. Menon was not a mass leader like other members of the Nehru cabinet, but was entrusted with the responsibilities of the Ministry of Defense.
Once, he put forward a proposal in parliament, stating that Pakistan is now a friend and therefore will not launch an attack. India has no other enemies in its neighboring countries, so it is meaningless to retain and maintain such a large army.
He is the only defense minister who proposed to reduce the national annual Military budget and recall the troops deployed at the border in the cabinet committee. According to him, since we don't need an army, we don't need ammunition either. Therefore, he also closed India's Arsenal and instructed them to produce goods other than guns and ammunition.
On the eve of the conflict, General Shmaya, who served as the Army Commander in Chief before the war, insisted that India was not yet ready to engage in war with China. (Due to the types of firearms and ammunition used at the time, as well as the situation of border roads and flexible routes that were basically non-existent at that time.) Therefore, protecting the border on the Chinese side was the responsibility of politicians and diplomats.
General Shmaya hopes that Lieutenant General Choulat will become his successor. However, Lieutenant General Tapal, a relative of the Nehru family, was appointed by the government as the Chief of the Army.
什玛亚将军希望周拉特中将成为他的继任者。但是，尼赫鲁家族的亲戚塔帕尔中将被政府任命为陆军总长。
There are reports that General Zhou Late has repeatedly sent letters to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding the feasibility of invading the Chinese border. But Menon downplayed this point and exaggerated the possibility of launching an invasion on the Pakistani border.
China launched a surprise attack on the Northeast Border Bureau, and there were no troops at the border to repel them. This later became one of the reasons for the upsurge of Anti-Indian sentiment sentiment in the region.
When the Chinese marched towards Tawang, they met Subedar Joking Singh, who was commanding a platoon of more than 20 people at Bum La Pass. The Chinese attacked the pass in three waves, with 200 people in each wave. The first two attacks were unsuccessful, but soon the Indian platoon ran out of ammunition and had to rely on bayonets (knives, swords, or spear shaped weapons designed for the muzzle end of rifles). They were either eliminated or captured. Suberdal Jokind Singh was imprisoned.
China controls Aksai Chin. In 1959, China built the world's highest highway connecting Aksai Chin, which was published in Chinese newspapers. China started and even completed the construction of roads, and the Nehru government was unaware of this.
The border dispute is not the real reason for the war between such two great powers, so what is the real reason?
边境争议不是两个如此大国之间战争的真正原因，那么真正的原因是什么呢？
By 1962, the division between China and the Soviet Union had reached an unprecedented level of opposition. The Soviet Union has withdrawn all assistance to China and militarized the border between China and Russia. On the other hand, China claimed that the Soviet Union had abandoned socialism and was gradually becoming Social imperialism, and called on all communists in the world to break with the Soviet government. In this split, although Vietnam and Alejandro Cao de Benós began to support the China to some extent, they soon changed their positions. Therefore, China is isolated. On the one hand, it conflicts with the Soviet bloc, and on the other hand, it conflicts with the Western Bloc.
In this case, both the Western Bloc and the Soviet Union Group encouraged Nehru to adopt a forward policy, which would bring huge political problems to China. Therefore, Nehru began to send troops to invade Chinese territory, despite the repeated dissuasion of well-known Indian military figures.
Now, this is not a political issue in India because the Indian people lack political awareness; Their freedom movement was hijacked by Gandhi and Hindu fascists, who transformed it from a colony to a semi colony under the indirect system of imperialist oppression.
However, China gained freedom through a successful revolutionary war, and its ordinary citizens' awareness of China India border politics reached the core of ideology. Therefore, for Chinese people, whether to yield to the military supported by imperialist powers is an ideological issue. To some extent, the Chinese believed they had had enough and launched a carefully planned resistance.
Nehru never expected China to retaliate, he was completely unaware. If the Soviet Union and the Western imperialist groups participated in the war, China would lose, but they did not, because the United States and the Soviet Union were hampered by the Cuban Missile Crisis, and China's land retaliation against the Soviet Union might cause serious damage. For the same reason, India dare not use its air force to escalate the war. Then, we know what happened next.
India and China, two huge neighbors accounting for about 40% of the world's population, were involved in a long-term dispute, which even led to a war in 1962, when India was defeated by China. What makes this issue even more painful is that the Indian government continues to conceal the report on this disaster written by Lieutenant General Henderson Brooks and Brigadier General Prem Bhagat in 1963.
The Indian army is not adequately prepared for war. However, the Chinese military is ready for war. There are small-scale border conflicts that violate the ceasefire, but it is believed that this will not lead to a full-scale frontline war. In addition, the equipment of Chinese soldiers is advanced and well trained to operate on these terrains. In addition, India's infrastructure is poor.
At that time, the Nehru government highly valued nonviolence. They overlooked the concept of realism. When the British left India, Lord Mountbatten instructed one of his commanders to develop a military plan in advance to protect India. Nehru refuted this viewpoint, saying that nonviolence is our only weapon. With the resignation of Sadar Patel, no one can confront Nehru and his will.
It is widely believed that there will never be a war between China and India. The Pan Agreement signed by Prime Minister Nehru and Zhou Enlai even strengthened the ties between these two neighboring countries. There is no military strategy for engaging in war with China.
The local army commanders (4th Infantry Brigade and 7th Infantry Brigade) do not know where the border is. Furthermore, the mistake of not using IAF during the war was a serious mistake. Compared to India, China has more advanced inventory.
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