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楼主 / zyoyl
- 时间: 2013-11-16 09:09
I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate,
Those that I guard I do not love;
My county is Kiltartan Cross,
My countrymen Kiltartan's poor,
No likely end could bring them loss
Or leave them happier than before.
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds;
I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath,
A waste of breath the years behind
In balance with this life, this death. -
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- 时间: 2013-11-16 16:30www.shmoop.com/irish-airman/
In A Nutshell
Italy, 1918. World War I had been ravaging Europe for almost four years. With millions dead on both sides of the conflict, it seemed like there was no end in sight. Near the end of January of that year, a thirty-seven-year-old Irish pilot was mistakenly shot down by an Italian aviator (Italy and Great Britain were allies then). An accomplished artist and cricketer (meaning, he played that British form of baseball called cricket), the young man's name was Robert Gregory, and he was the son of a woman named Lady Gregory. Both were very dear friends of Ireland's leading poet, William Butler Yeats.
Yeats was profoundly affected by Robert Gregory's death, and immediately began writing about it. Shortly after penning a short prose eulogy in February, 1918, he wrote several poems about his old friend, including "In Memory of Major Robert Gregory" and "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death." Both of these poems would be published in 1919 in the second edition of Yeats' 1917 volume, The Wild Swans at Coole (named after the swans that were part of the scenery at Coole Park, residence of Lady Gregory and frequent vacation spot for Yeats).
While "In Memory of Major Robert Gregory" is an elegy for Gregory, written from the perspective of Yeats himself, "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" is Yeats' attempt to get inside Gregory's head, so to speak, and describe Gregory's sense of life, certain death, and war.
While the poem illustrates what must have been a constant preoccupation for soldiers in the First World War (a fear of inevitable death), it also tries to come to grips with Gregory's, and many others', decision to participate in an ultimately senseless conflict. Yeats' only solution to the question of why Gregory got involved in the first place is a "lonely impulse of delight." We don't know about you, but that seems a really weird and mysterious explanation that gives us a strange feeling in our tummies. -
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- 时间: 2013-11-16 16:33webhome.idirect.com/~f...alysis.htm
Title
The title "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" is reflective of the fact that the airman foresaw his impending death. This title is significant in that it reflects the fate that many people fighting in war face. They know their death is approaching them with very little they can do about it.
Speaker
This poem is recited in first person. The poet is recounting the thoughts that are going through his mind as his death approaches. This choice of voice is important because it gives insight into the thoughts of the airman fighting on the verge of death.
Setting
This poem takes place around 1916 during one of the Irish civil wars in the skies over Ireland. The mood and atmosphere created by Yeats is of a solemn, peaceful tone. The pilot sees his death forthcoming yet he does not seem regretful or scared, but rather accepts the fate he is going to encounter.
Structure
The poem is one stanza long. It is divided into four sections and in each section the first and thrid lines rhyme, as do the second and fourth. There are approximately 8 syllables per line. The simple form reflects the rather simple theme of the poem.
Speech Figures
The poem has a rhyme pattern of ababcdcdefefghgh. A metaphor present in the poem is "Drove to this tumult in the clouds." (Yeats) Through this metaphor it explains that once the narrator had reached the peak of his flight, he has also reached the peak of his life. From here he will encounter his death. Anohter example of a metaphor presented in this poem is "A waste of breath the years behind." (Yeats) This passage from the poem is a metaphor which compares the years that have past and how they were a waste of time. An example of irony found in the poem is when he says he does not love or want to protect the people of his country, yet when people go to war they usually fight with honour for their country.
Since Ireland was considered a part of The British Commonwealth, the Irish were expected to act for the good of the Mother Land. That also meant dying for the Mother Land. The Irish had no quarrel with anyone except their own rulers.
Sense To Sound
Words were chosen carefully to fit the rhyme scheme and make it more appealling to the reader with the attempt to stress every second syllable.
Summary
This poem captures the essence of the mind set of a airman facing death. This insight is what makes the poem memorable. This poem is about an Irish airman pilot fighting in the war awaiting his death. He is prepared for death because after reflecting on his life he realizes that it has been a waste of time. This is reflected in the quote, "A waste of breath the years behind / In balance with this life, this death." (Yeats)
The Kiltartan Cross was a group of Roman Catholics that were directly related to the Air Force. These people had their own tartan, or their own colors for their kilts that they wore. The different types of tartan colors signified different groups of poeple whether it be a clan of people or a military group. They are poor because they do not have their own country. Under British rule. -
- 时间: 2013-11-16 16:47www.amnation.com/vfr/a...19106.html
One of Yeats’s most beautiful and most deeply moving poems is “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory,” from his 1919 collection, The Wild Swans at Coole. You don’t need to know anything about Yeats’s three other deceased friends whom he eulogizes in this poem in addition to its main subject to be affected by it. However, the Wikipedia article on Yeat’s colleague the writer John Synge will explain the meaning of the strange line about Synge, “That dying chose the living world for text.” Also, it will help to know that “My dear friend’s dear son, / Our Sidney and our perfect man,” namely Robert Gregory, was the son of Yeats’s close friend and colleague in the Irish Literary Revival, Lady Augusta Gregory, at whose estate at Coole Park in Gort, County Galway, he often stayed and wrote many of his poems. I have visited Coole Park. The house is long since burned down, but one can walk on the extensive grounds, and the lake, about which Yeats wrote the poem, “The Wild Swans at Coole,” is still there.
The “ancient tower” to which Yeats refers in the first stanza is Thoor Ballylee (Ballylee Castle), a few miles from Coole Park, which he and his family used as their summer home between 1916 and 1929. (See photo.) Some of Yeats’s most famous poems, including “The Tower” and “A Prayer for My Daughter,” are centered here.
I’ve also copied the next poem in The Wild Swans at Coole, “An Irish Airman Foresees His Death,” in which Yeats presents his imaginative vision of Robert Gregory’s thoughts prior to his being killed in the Great War. When the Irish airman says, “Those that I guard I do not love,” he is speaking of Great Britain, not of “My country … Kiltartan Cross,” and “My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor.” I myself was confused by those lines for some years.
In Memory of Major Robert Gregory
By W.B. Yeats
I
Now that we’re almost settled in our house
I’ll name the friends that cannot sup with us
Beside a fire of turf in the ancient tower,
And having talked to some late hour
Climb up the narrow winding stair to bed:
Discoverers of forgotten truth
Or mere companions of my youth,
All, all are in my thoughts to-night being dead.
II
Always we’d have the new friend meet the old,
And we are hurt if either friend seem cold,
And there is salt to lengthen out the smart
In the affections of our heart,
And quarrels are blown up upon that head;
But not a friend that I would bring
This night can set us quarrelling,
For all that come into my mind are dead.
III
Lionel Johnson comes the first to mind,
That loved his learning better than mankind,
Though courteous to the worst; much falling he
Brooded upon sanctity
Till all his Greek and Latin learning seemed
A long blast upon the horn that brought
A little nearer to his thought
A measureless consummation that he dreamed.
IV
And that enquiring man John Synge comes next,
That dying chose the living world for text
And never could have rested in the tomb
But that, long travelling, he had come
Towards nightfall upon certain set apart
In a most desolate stony place,
Towards nightfall upon a race
Passionate and simple like his heart.
V
And then I think of old George Pollexfen,
In muscular youth well known to Mayo men
For horsemanship at meets or at racecourses,
That could have shown how purebred horses
And solid men, for all their passion, live
But as the outrageous stars incline
By opposition, square and trine;
Having grown sluggish and contemplative.
VI
They were my close companions many a year,
A portion of my mind and life, as it were,
And now their breathless faces seem to look
Out of some old picture-book;
I am accustomed to their lack of breath,
But not that my dear friend’s dear son,
Our Sidney and our perfect man,
Could share in that discourtesy of death.
VII
For all things the delighted eye now sees
Were loved by him; the old storm-broken trees
That cast their shadows upon road and bridge;
The tower set on the stream’s edge;
The ford where drinking cattle make a stir
Nightly, and startled by that sound
The water-hen must change her ground;
He might have been your heartiest welcomer.
VIII
When with the Galway foxhounds he would ride
From Castle Taylor to the Roxborough side
Or Esserkelly plain, few kept his pace;
At Mooneen he had leaped a place
So perilous that half the astonished meet
Had shut their eyes, and where was it
He rode a race without a bit?
And yet his mind outran the horses’ feet.
IX
We dreamed that a great painter had been born
To cold Clare rock and Galway rock and thorn,
To that stern colour and that delicate line
That are our secret discipline
Wherein the gazing heart doubles her might.
Soldier, scholar, horseman, he,
And yet he had the intensity
To have published all to be a world’s delight.
X
What other could so well have counselled us
In all lovely intricacies of a house
As he that practised or that understood
All work in metal or in wood,
In moulded plaster or in carven stone?
Soldier, scholar, horseman, he,
And all he did done perfectly
As though he had but that one trade alone.
XI
Some burn damp faggots, others may consume
The entire combustible world in one small room
As though dried straw, and if we turn about
The bare chimney is gone black out
Because the work had finished in that flare.
Soldier, scholar, horseman, he,
As ‘twere all life’s epitome.
What made us dream that he could comb grey hair?
XII
I had thought, seeing how bitter is that wind
That shakes the shutter, to have brought to mind
All those that manhood tried, or childhood loved,
Or boyish intellect approved,
With some appropriate commentary on each;
Until imagination brought
A fitter welcome; but a thought
Of that late death took all my heart for speech. -
- 时间: 2013-11-16 16:52blog.udn.com/cbs14627/4695211
叶慈(W,B,Yeats)爱尔兰最伟大的诗人,这首诗的背景,是纪念一次大战爱尔兰飞行员,罗伯特'葛列格里(1881-1918 )而作,当时他服役於英国皇家空军,1918年1月23日阵亡於义大利.
在台湾,及大陆,有很多人翻译了这首诗,今天,将唡岸各列举一人所翻译的作品予网友欣赏,并加上我的对此诗的一些看法,及我的翻译,并请不吝指正.
一,英文诗 二,傅浩(大陆)
An Irish Airman foresees his Death 一位爱尔兰飞行员预见自己的死亡
I know that I shall meet my fate. 我知道我将遭遇厄运
Somewhere among the clouds above. 在头顶上的云间某处
Those that I fight I do not hate. 我对所抗击者并不仇恨
Those that I guard I do not love. 我对所保卫者也不爱慕
My country is kiltartan cross. 我的故乡是在基尔塔坦
My countryman kiltartan's poor. 那里的穷人是我的同胞
No likely end could bring them loss 结局既不会使他们损减.
Or leave them happier than before. 也不会使他们过得更好
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight. 不是闻人或欢呼的群众
Nor public man , nor cheering crowds. 或法律或义务使我参战
A lonely impulse of delight. 是一股寂寞的愉快衝动
Drove to this tumult in the clouds. 长驱直入这云中的骚乱
I balanced all,brought all to mind. 我回想一切,权衡一切
The years to come seemed waste of breath 未来的岁月似毫无意义
A waste of breath, the years behind. 毫无意义是以往的岁月
In balance with this life,this death. 二者平衡在这生死之际
三,杨牧(台湾)
一位爱尔兰飞行员预见死亡
我知道我必将和命运遭遇
在云霄高处叆叇的某一点
战鬥的对手,我其实不恨
捍卫的也不是我爱的人
契俄塔坦岔口是我的家乡
契俄塔坦的群穷人是我的亲人
任何结局都不可能使他们失去甚么
或 教他们快乐过从前
也没有法律义务规定我去打
没有大人物或群众欢呼送行
一种寂寞的属於快感的衝动
驱使我到达这动乱多云的掩映
我平衡较量,思想前後总总
未来的时光无非浪费的生息
相对的这样的生,这样的死
生息浪费是过去的日子
四,我对唡篇译文的感想
作者叶慈描述的是战垱上军人在生死之间的摆盪中,对生命与死亡的遇见与发现,所谓遇见,就是遇见自己,所谓发现,就是,有生命就有死亡,死亡它不是生命的结束,它是生命的完成,它是一种平衡.这就是全诗的意境所在.遗憾的是这唡位作家似乎都没有把握住这精神.翻译的这些,似乎只在字里行间中转来又转去,没有刻进,也没有贯穿.让人难以体会,了解.
这首诗翻译时的关键有好几处.但其中最关键的是A lonely impulse of deight.这句,lonely不应该是寂寞之意,它是独自,单独之意,这唡种意思相差甚远,寂寞是一种孤独感垄罩下的产物,是一种远离自己後,想要找人的渴望,它是一种依赖,但是作者的描述中的军人是那么的自在独立,连死都不惧怕,甚至希望自己就在云端的某一处结束自己,这样超脱生死的人怎可能是害怕孤独,不甘寂寞者,反观单独这字,它是一个人喜欢和自己在一起,爱上自己,享受自己,它带来的是一种宁静,一种可以遇见自己,看见彼岸的兴奋.
因为客观环境的淬炼,古往今来许许多多的军人都有这种体悟,试想一个飞行员在蓝天白云之中很容易感受到浑然忘我之境,那种喜悦就是看见彼岸的喜悦,是任何代价都换不来的,这就是作者的背景人物之所以要从军的原因.在战垱上他生死由之,没有义愤填膺的报国杀敌的衝动,对自己的境遇,没有怨嘆,对即将要杀死他的敌人,没有仇恨,对生命,他不眷恋过去,不渴望未来,他享受满足现在所有,一切都了然於胸,(死在云端某处,)一切都是如此的真情,热烈,快乐,享受,.他真是贯通人天,超越物我,这其实就是一般人所谓的成道.
记得几年前圣严法师病逝前给自己提的輓联是(寂灭为乐),甚么是寂灭,它与寂静又有何不同?其实寂灭与寂静都是一样的,只是深浅之别,静到深处就是灭,所谓灭,就是到了一种感觉不出自己是否存在与不存在,就是完全与自然和一之境地,这种境地,(不知自己存在与否)其实就是死亡的现象,原来,死亡可以在生命中发生,这种既超越生也超越死,这就是自由,就是成道.所以这篇诗文或可名之为---寂灭为乐.
(看了时代背景介绍后,我怎么觉得这个作者这两段是胡说八道啊
)
很佩服叶慈这位伟大的诗人他能这么成功的以几句话把这位成道者描写的是如此的自然,纯洁.我想,他本身就是一个神秘家,一个成道者,他与尼采,苏格拉底,耶稣等等伟人都有相似之处,不然他写不出这样壮阔的诗句.以下就是我的翻译.但愿能表达出作者的所描述这位军人的意境於一二.
一位爱尔兰飞行员对自己死亡的先见
我知道我将走入生命的尽头
它就在云端的某处
我不恨对战的一方
我不爱防卫的我方
基尔塔坦的岔路口是我的家乡
基尔塔坦的穷人是我的同胞
结局不会使他们失去甚么
也不会使他们过的比从前更好
不是法律,不是责任义务逼使我去参战
没有大人物或群众的欢呼声
它是一种单独时带来的喜悦所推动
驱使我进入这紧张骚动的云端深处
我权衡所有,我了然於胸
未来的毫无意义
毫无意义是过往的
补偿,平衡这生命的就是死亡 -
- 时间: 2013-11-16 17:11关于这首诗的theme:
answers.yahoo.com/ques...430AAKZdCV
I do not think it is the worthlessness of the airman's life, but rather the "balance" between life and death, in keeping with Yeats' belief in a cyclic time. I think it is also about a moral debate within the airman's mind: "I balanced all". When it comes to life and death, man's responsibility is crucial (Yeats wrote a book of poems called Responsibilities). And finally, this is also an Irish point of view during World War 1 and what it means to fight alongside the British, while at the same time there was a war of independence against Britain going on in Ireland. -
- 时间: 2013-11-16 17:30aterriblebeautyisborn....his-death/
Notes by Henry Jamieson
Background information:
Written as an elegy to Major Robert Gregory, the son of Lady Gregory – Yeats’ good friend, that lived at Coole Park, with whom he led the artistic revolution in Ireland (for more information on Augusta Gregory see the blog page on Yeats’ Women).
It has been inferred through the remaining letters written by Major Robert Gregory that he did (perhaps) not much like Yeats.
Gregory lived in the small town ‘Kiltartan’ which is referred to into the poem
– ‘My country is Kiltartan Cross,/My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor,’
Those that fought for the British in World War I were considered traitors to the Irish people by the IRB. There are reports to the fact that many that survived the war (or their families if the men themselves had not survived the conflict) were later murdered by the IRB/A for choosing to align themselves with the ‘enemy’ during those years of conflict. The British recruited vigorously for soldiers from Ireland – even encamping outside pubs to recruit men who often were not in a sober-enough state of mind to refuse the enlisting process.
The Poem
Prolific uses of personal pronouns – the use of such pronouns suggests that it was intended as a personal poem, not public. Yeats is possibly mourning his loss.
The poem, written in the persona of Gregory (or at least a soldier in a similar mound to Gregory), contemplates his motives for, and the worth of, his seemingly inevitable death. The poem is certain from the beginning that he ‘shall meet [his] fate/Somewhere among the clouds above,’ – he has signed up for the British Army, certain that he will die.
The ‘airman’ attempts to find the elusive meaning that he fights for through a process of elimination;
‘Those that I fight I do not hate’ – Ireland did not feel threatened by WWI and the Germans.
‘Those that I guard I do not love’ – He was fighting for Britain, who had oppressed the Irish for centuries.
‘No likely end could bring them [his countrymen] loss’ – Stoic philosophy – Life will moves on, he will be forgotten and if they lose the war that he is fighting for, may not be effected at all.
‘Or leave them happier than before’ – winning the war would not benefit Ireland in any way, may just refocus English attention and military presence on them.
No ‘public men’ ‘bade [him] fight’ – As Yeats frequently refers to himself as a public man (see notes on ‘Among School Children’); these lines may be Yeats’ attempt to distance himself from any involvement in Gregory’s motivations to align himself with the British and thus ultimately for his death.
The airman concludes, phrased as if he is writing posthumously, that it is ‘A lonely impulse of delight’ that he pursued, that drove him to fly and fight and that as ‘the years to come seemed waste of breath,/ A waste of breath the years behind’ all that’s left is for him to balance his wasted life, with his death. (‘In balance with this life, this death.’)
The ‘lonely impulse of delight’ is slightly ambiguous; it is most likely the Lakists’ Romantic ideal of a moment of pure emotion, as in ‘The Cold Heaven’ – ‘Ah!’ This moment he experiences away from all other humans flying in the clouds, transcending the physical limits of humans with the ethereal feel that flying ‘somewhere in among the clouds above’ has. It is almost as if the persona has touched/felt something forbidden to most mere mortals; this highly Romantic statement echoes the great Romantic poets (Shelley/Keats/Wordsworth).
Structure/Form
Tight structure – echoes the certainty that he will die
Iambic tetrameter
The only caesura is on line before the ending two words ‘this death’ – emphasising the death and the balance to the rest of the poem – his life. Alternatively it could be him faltering; losing the certainty he had throughout the poem that death was the only option.
Links
Conflicts with ‘The Man and the Echo’ where Yeats feels ‘there is no release in bodkin or disease’ (in death).
The Airman has broken from the flow of life, become stationary and committed to die as if ‘enchanted to stone’ – a metaphor used in ‘Easter 1916.’
‘Waste of breath’ linked to ‘drank the wind’ in ‘Among School Children’ – both suggest the lack of substance in life/politics. -
- 时间: 2013-11-16 18:27关于IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood) 的背景知识
(以下内容转贴自网络)
1916 年起义
1916年起义的志向
1916年起义当中的男女热血者将一个新型的爱尔兰设想为一个民族独立性的国家,正如宣言中的一段话所说道:“保证宗教和公民自由,保证所有公民的平等权力和平等机会,并以此声明它追求整个国家和民族的幸福和繁荣,平等爱护整个国家和民族的孩童的决心”。他们相信只有通过完全的独立来达到这一个目的。
当他们在1916年四月二十四日复活节星期一占领邮政总局(General Post Office)时,起义领袖们宣告成立一个自由的爱尔兰共和国,其中平等主义是它的最重要的意愿。中午刚过,帕特里克∙柏思(Patrick Pearse)在邮政总局的台阶上宣读了宣言,声明爱尔兰人民的权力是自主的。它盼望着在民主自决的民主主义原则和被人民认同的基础上建立起一个当地政府。由于1916年的起义,导致了爱尔兰从英国统治中分裂开来的不可阻挡的进程。
让我们从其它更宽广的民族主义者运动的背景里来审阅1916年的事件,那些反对与王室关系应有任何减弱的人士的强烈信仰和世界人民从来没有见过的在欧洲战场上所发生的冲突中的一个最血腥的声势浩大的运动。应该注意到因为战争人力的需要所导致的征兵的持续状况加固了普遍意见的不和。爱尔兰民族主义者内部的有关地方自治的进程上的不足所造成的持续挫折,它有可能不适合于整个爱尔兰之观点,由于英国战争办公室拒绝批准成立一个性质不同的爱尔兰大部队而得以补充说明,他们甚至拒绝批准成立一个爱尔兰分部大队,这此因素都因为人民对处决的痛恨而得以加深。
地方自治
自十八世纪七十年代起,由爱尔兰议会所明确规定的地方自治政策的需求就一直控制着爱尔兰的政治。北爱尔兰统一主义坚绝反对此政策。十九世纪早期,当某种形式的地方自治的观点得以推动时,北爱尔兰就日益成为北爱尔兰党反对地方自治的焦点。
第三号地方自治议案的急切的通过,是由于受英国政府的议会对爱尔兰下院议附属的影响的结果,导致了1912年北爱尔统一党的北爱尔兰自愿者(the Ulster Volunteer)的成立。这代表着他们试图以军队威胁的手段来阻止第三号地方自治案的执行,并且促成了民族主义爱尔兰自愿者(the nationalist Irish Volunteers)的成立。第一次世界大战(World War I)的暴发使爱尔兰的危机失色。被放置于成文法书中的等候己久的地方自治议案,在大战以后将得以实施,在当时特别安排也将被得以商定以便介绍给北爱尔兰人统一党党员(Ulster Unionists)。
第一次世界大战
英国官方统计大约有超过200,000来自于不同的传统的爱尔兰人士在第一次世界大战中作战,大约40.000万人在大战中战亡。对于北爱尔统一主义者来说,这是一个对王室是否忠诚的问题。对于民族主义者来说,情况则比较复杂些。爱尔兰国会党(the Irish Parliamentary Party)的领导,约翰∙雷德蒙(John Redmond)名义上也是爱尔兰自愿者(the Irish Volunteers)的政治领导。于1914年九月在五顶布瑞机(Woodenbridge)的一次演讲会上,他表示了他对战争努力的支持,并且号召自愿者们去到“任何战线所能延续的地方”。大部分的自愿者支持雷德蒙的观点,并组织了民族自愿者(the National Volunteers)。由爱俄∙麦克尼尔(Eoin MacNeill)领导的一小个分队保持了爱尔兰自愿者(the Irish Volunteers)的称号,并拒绝支持英国对战争的努力。
战争首先由英国宣传为“对小比利时的保护”,而后发展为一个如总统威尔逊(President Wilson)所说明的为小的国家的权力而斗争的战争,这些国家自我签定的原则,特别是被打败的中部欧洲帝国们,促成了其后在凡尔赛的和平谈判的大部分争论的产生。因此,对于一些爱尔兰民族主义者来说在英国军队里作战具有这么一点讽刺性。此外,因为对入伍的爱尔兰人士的贡献的认可不大的原因,刚开始时公众对战争所具有的热情快速削减。日益上升的伤亡总数,另加上征兵的威胁,就更加削减了人们对战争的热情。
1916年起义
1916年起义就是在这种背景下被组织起来的。爱尔兰共和党兄弟会(Irish Republican Brotherhood:IRB)的成员商讨了计划。爱尔兰共和党兄弟会是一个于1858年就存在的密秘的协会,他们坚定地以保证一个独立和独特的爱尔兰共和国做为他们的目标。他们的愿望是起义能够保证爱尔兰在战后和平谈判中能有一席之地。爱尔兰共和党兄弟会(I.R.B)成员在自愿者(the Volunteers)的位置己突出起来,也就是这一部分势力和由詹姆斯∙科劳里(James Connolly)所领导的爱尔兰市民军(the Irish Citizen Army)一起进行了起义。
爱尔兰自愿者(the Irish Volunteers)中广范围的观点和他们不同的背景从它的领导者的意见分歧中而得以反映出来。那此支持起义和反对起义的人发布相冲突的命令使起义从一开始就非常混乱。应该指出的是爱尔兰自愿者的成员从1914年的2/3000人发展到1916年的15,000人左右。此组织被爱尔兰共和党兄弟会(the Irish Republican Brotherhood)严重渗透。
在1916年四月二十四日复活节星期一,都柏林的邮政总局被起义者占领,并成为他们的司令部。宣言书也于同一天在此宣读。签字人有汤马斯∙詹∙克拉克(Thomas J. Clarke), 肖恩∙麦克达马达(Sean MacDiarmada), 帕特里克∙柏思(P.H. Pearse), 詹姆斯∙科劳里(James Connolly), 汤马斯∙麦克多那(Thomas MacDonagh), 意蒙∙圣特(Eamonn Ceannt )和约瑟夫∙玛力∙布朗克(Joseph Plunkett)。宣言不仅仅表明了他们渴望能从英国统治中解放出来的自由的愿望,同时他们也希望能创造一个所有人无论他们的财富状况/阶级状况及宗教选择都能自由追求他们的理想的爱尔兰。
起义者也占领了都柏林的其他重要建筑物,如伏可兹(Four Courts), 波兰德饼干厂(Boland’s Bakery), 雅各厂(Jacobs Factory), 皇家军医大学(the College of Surgeons )及南都柏林公会 ( South Dublin Union)。虽然大部分行动都在都柏林发生,然而,相当数量的自愿者们也出现在劳思(Louth), 伟克丝伏特(Wexford), 高围(Galway) 及爱西波恩 (Ashbourne)。
战斗持续了一周,结果是平民死亡数大约超过250,王室军队的死亡人数大概为130,起义者死亡人数超过60。
为这避免更多的流血和牺牲,柏思(Pearse)宣布无条件投降,引言为“为了避免进一步的对市民的残杀,同时希望能够拯救我们的追随者的生命,目前在司令部的临时政府成员们决定无条件投降,指挥各地区的司令官和指挥官司将下达放下武器的命令。P.H.柏思,都柏林,1916年四月三十日”。
许多自愿者分队都编队放下了他们的武器。
要指出的是,因为公众缺乏对起义的目的的理解,再加上死亡/残杀和流血,公众一开始并没有站在起义者的一边。然而,这一点将很快得以改变。
后果
对起义的镇压是迅速和强烈的。市中心被包围起来。除了在都柏林的集中行动,戒严令被宣布并且延伸到整个国家。超过3500人被逮捕(超过参加起义人数的两部)。至五月份,1600人于威尔氏(Wales)在没有被审判的情况下被关入牢狱。
十五位重要的起义者在五月三日及五月十二日之间被处决。罗杰∙凯斯门特( Roger Casement )其后于1916年八月在本顿维尔监狱(Pentonville Prison)被绞死。这此死刑的执行激起了民众的愤怒,特别是对威廉∙柏思(William Pearse)的处决,原因主要是他是帕特里克∙柏思(Patrick Pearse)的兄弟;约翰∙麦克柏拉德(John MacBride)并没有参与起义的规划,但是之前在布尔大战(Boer War)中引起了英国的敌意;其中有一个病的快不行了的约瑟夫∙布朗克(Joseph Plunkett),和一个伤得很重的詹姆斯∙科劳里(James Connolly)。这些事件,加上弗朗西斯∙西稀∙史可夫腾(Francis Sheehy Skeffington)的命运快速改变了公众的看法。弗朗西斯∙西稀∙史可夫腾是在起义中被谋害的知名度很高的和平主义者和作家,起义时他努力减轻起义的暴力性和防止掠夺。处决时段之长-九天-激怒了公众。在众议院,爱尔兰议会党的约翰∙狄龙(John Dillon)指责了英国的政策,他说道:“在整个现代文明历史中…..从来没有任何起义和暴动如最近在爱尔兰发生的起义一般造成如此之多的流血和残暴事件”。对被处决的人,没有葬礼, 取而代之的是弥撒。被释放的拘留犯的回归及汤马斯∙爱什(Thomas Ashe)在1917年九月的饥饿罢工后的葬礼,成为了公众示威游行的原因。
政治分歧
起义的政治分歧及对它的镇压很快在其后的竞选中被显露出来。其中第一分歧就发生在1917年二月十七日的北罗斯可瞒(North Roscommon),当布朗克伯爵(Count Plunkett)也就是被处决的约瑟夫∙布朗克(Joseph Plunkett)的父亲被选为一个无党派人士时,他拒绝参加威斯敏斯特(Westminster)。支持布朗克(Plunkett)竞选的同时, 迈克尔∙柯林斯(Michael Collins)提名麦克归尼斯(McGuinness)为在五月空缺出来的南朗佛席(the South Longford)席位的候选人。因为麦克归尼斯(McGuinness)参与了起义,他当时正在路易斯监狱(Lewes gaol)服刑。被驱逐出境的囚犯们成为复兴的中心,在十月份当一位前囚犯意门∙达维拉瑞(Eamon DeValera)承付起两个组织的管理职位时,公开的分裂主义者肖恩芬党派(Sinn Féin party)加固了他们与爱尔兰自愿者(the Irish Volunteers)的联系。那个七月,达维拉瑞(De Valera)以竞选的方式赢得了东克莱尔( East-Clare),击败了一位地方自治的候选人。
爱尔兰议会党继续努力以保障地方自治,基于此爱尔兰议会首先在1917年七月第一次集会。虽然直到1918年四月才做出决定,却仍然无法与北爱尔兰联合主义者(Ulster Unionists)在此问题上达成一致,然而南部联合主义者(Southern Unionists)却比较好打交道一些。地方自治不明不朗。同时一个新的危机也开始萌芽形成。它将证明它本身是对新的肖恩芬(Sinn Féin)提供坚定支持的一个运动。
把征兵介绍给爱尔兰的计划和接着发生的公众对它的反对,巩固了爱尔兰民族主义者的变革。公众的愤怒是响亮的,全国范围的反抗运动跟着发生了。一个“一日总罢工”被召集起来,并有由爱尔兰议会党/工党及独立政治家肖恩芬(Sinn Féin)批准的一个反征兵公约。除了在征兵一事上所结成的广泛同盟,在1918年的总竞选中,肖恩芬(Sinn Féin)将保证得到一个势不可挡的胜利,他们宣称他们的目的是建立一个被认可的独立自主的共和国之爱尔兰。民族主义者的观点转移了。
1918年的人民决议案(the People Act 1918 )的提议扩展了选民范围以包括二十一岁以上的所有男士和三十岁以上的所有女士。那年后期,1918年妇女决议案的议会资格对三十岁以上的妇女给予了竞选下院议员的权力。伯爵夫人马克维其(Markievicz)是被选为下院议员的第一位女士。1918年十月的竞选是自1910年十月后的第一次大选,1916年的竞选由于战争而被延期。由于受1916年(起义)和它所带来的后果的影响,加上征兵的危机及战争本身,一个全新时代的选举人员脱颖而出。由肖恩芬(Sinn Féin)不参加威斯敏斯特的(Westminster)的政策,竞选导致了戴尔(the Dáil)的成立,此机构是在1919至1923年动乱的年代期间的剧变之后仍存在的一个民主机构。
戴尔∙以瑞(Dáil Eireann)至今仍是我们的民主议会。很多幸存的起义者断续卓越地效力于戴尔(the Dáil)和政府,以及新的/独立的爱尔兰的其他组织。
1916年的起义是由爱尔兰的男士和女士们所领导的一次重要运动,他们渴望能有一个不同类型的爱尔兰,它将保证宗教和民权自由,将追求整个民族的幸福和繁荣,以及所相关的一切。它在国际舞台上发生于一个矛盾重重的时段,以至于爱尔兰人士在维斯顿佛朗特(Western Front), 加里伯里(Gallipoli), 美索不达米亚(Mesopotamia), 及海上失去生命。起义使很多人丧身,其中有战士和无辜市民。我们在此事件九十年纪念日之际,向在事件中所有失去生命的人表示哀悼。
记事榜
都柏林大部队
第一大部队:由爱德华∙达利(Edward Daly)指挥,占领了伏可兹( Four Courts)
第二大部队;指挥官汤马斯∙麦克多那 (Thomas McDonagh )– 占领雅各饼干厂( Jacob’s Biscuit factory)。
第三大部队: 指挥官意门∙达维拉瑞( Eamon de Valera) – 占领了波兰德面粉厂( Boland’s flour mills )及从伟恩南德市区至南德丝导路(Landsdowne Road)的火车路线(中断了去肯丝镇(Kingstown)的路线
第四大部队:指挥官意蒙∙圣特( Eamon Ceannt)占领了南都柏林公会(the South Dublin Union)(詹姆斯街医院)(James Street Hospital)
由迈克尔∙马林(Michael Mallin)和伯爵夫人马克维其(Markievizc)所领导的市民军占领了圣史蒂文格林( St. Stephen’s Green)
在起义中,有132位王室军队士兵丧身。官方统计起义军和平民大约有318人被杀,2,217人受伤。
共和党的统计死亡人数大约在60至62人左右。超过250个平民死亡。
英国官司方统计大约有超过200,000位爱尔兰人士在第一次世界大战中作战,大约40,000人丧身。 -
- 时间: 2013-11-23 12:52
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- 时间: 2013-11-23 22:05
An Irish Airman Foresees His Death by William Butler Yeats
