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楼主 / MaidMarian
- 时间: 2004-12-19 10:55加拿大的国民性与中国移民的适应性(修订版)
尚虹
近期,本地中文时事评论员、节目主持人丁果先生在<蒙城华人报>发表了一篇题为“加拿大的问题在哪里?”他的结论是“不图思变”、“不会善用移民”,同时也提醒移民要争气,不要将亚洲的恶习带到加拿大。此文后来被温哥华本地的一家中文网站转贴,引来各种不同意见,其中有不少涉及语言学习与文化适应的问题。本人以为,关于加国社会价值观的评判,在主流及中文的媒体中都时有所见,不同观点可谓见仁见智;而有关移民(主要指中国移民,尤指近年来自大陆的新移民)适应的问题也不绝于报端和网文。在马田总理及新一轮的加拿大中国商团的年初访华即将展开之际,移民使用及加拿大的未来发展、加中贸易等问题再度引发人们兴趣。笔者亦有一得之见,愿与广大读者分享。需要说明的是,笔者此文不代表任何媒体、任何机构和组织,只是个人平日的观察与思考,而所据以分析、观察的出发点,亦均指一般、大致、普遍的印象或现象,无统计数字的准确衡量,也不排除种种特例或否认其他不同视角,敬祈读者批评指正。
一、宽容理念与“不图思变”
在西方民主国家,较为成熟的政治生态表现之一是国民的意愿大于政党的意愿。两党制衡也好,一党独大也好,都是民众用选票做的最后决定。自上个世纪八十年代中后期以来,加国民众的社会价值观大多倾向自由化,崇尚宽容、平等、尊重并实际照顾到个体、小团体、及社会弱势边缘群体的利益。吻合这一理念的政党及政治家,就比较容易在竞选中获胜,反之则会落败。这在历年的联邦大选中表现十分明显,今年亦不例外,多数民众并非不知一党独大的弊端,但他们更害怕不宽容对个人利益及自由的侵犯。两害相权取其轻,他们用选票在最大程度上维护或保护了自己崇尚的理念。无论我们是否认同这样的理念,它都是加拿大主流社会的客观事实,而且代表了多数人(至少是投票的多数)。
丁果先生为加拿大是“二流(或三流)国家”与“不图思变”而深感痛心,其实大可不必如此忧国忧民。我们承认,如果一个人(国家,社会亦然)要追求卓越、激情与梦想,自然应当去努力奋斗,力争一流。美国自不待言,不仅要一流,而且要无出其右、世界独霸。亚洲国家,无论四小龙,还是中国、印度,都各自有其梦想与野心,一方面是传统文化的影响,一方面是现实的压力与需要。而加拿大作为移民国家,立国较晚,地域虽广,但人口稀少,从地缘政治的角度看颇占优势,陆地上除与美国接壤之外,身处两大洋的保护之下,较少有来自外界的威胁。与美国的关系虽说时冷时热,但无论有再多争端或不同,也难改两国固有的朋友(甚至是兄弟)关系本质,两国在意识形态(人权、民主等)、经济、文化、社会等诸多方面有着比任何国家更一致的方面。多年以来,加美关系已基本形成定势,打破这种强弱搭配的格局,让加拿大与美国在北美一争高低,形成双强,恐怕不是靠意愿就能办成的。由于制度的、观念的及现实需要的种种不同,加拿大呈现在我们面前的就是这样一副局面,将之完全归罪于某一政党或某一代加拿大人都是不公平的。无论我们华人喜欢还是不喜欢这样的国民性,它都很难在短时间内(一代人)通过某一政党、或发动某种意义上的“改革”就能得以彻底改变。
二、移民的素质与开拓亚洲贸易
关于善用移民开拓亚洲贸易(我想丁果先生主要还是指对中国的贸易)的问题,我们不否认移民中人才济济,藏龙臥虎,但这些人才是否符合加拿大对外贸易的要求,还需要考量。在当今国际贸易的舞台上,亚洲也好、中国也好,最基本的工作语言还是英文,不止是口头交流,而且有大量的“paper work”是以英文为主进行的。一个熟知中国市场、了解其中运作规则,而且汉语运用得心应手的移民,如果不同时兼备流利的英文说写能力,亦不能称为合格的加拿大对亚洲贸易人才。因为在与加拿大国内商家或机构组织交流时,这样的移民不能准确迅速地将他所掌握的技能与信息、智慧与才干反映出来,在无论何种规模的外贸谈判中,他都将难以及时、完美地达成目标、完成任务,那么,这样的人才就不合格。须知,即使在中国,从事对外贸易的人员,无论公营私营,在英语能力的掌握上,都远远胜过了不少在加拿大的中国移民。所以,我们对实际能胜任加中贸易的移民人才“库存量”的估计,并不如丁果先生那样乐观。
其次是关于亚洲人(恐怕丁先生也主要是指中国人)自己不争气,窝里斗、坑蒙拐骗的问题。其实,人是制度与环境的产物,我拒绝用族裔的标签来归类人性。在任何种族中,其人性的共同点往往大于其差异点。由于不同制度的规范与制约,身处特定时期后天习染的不同环境中,不同种族、不同地区的人性逐渐有了不同的特质。但一切并非不可改变,“适者生存”的自然法则将在良好机制运转(即相对公平)的社会里,自然去调整和改变人性的弱点,从而实现优胜劣汰。而加拿大社会正是一个比较规范也比较公平的社会,移民群体经过时间的历练,大浪淘沙,也必将或早或晚地顺应这条铁的自然律。因此,与其站在高处指点同胞,不如一同分担这份耻辱,尽自身一己之力,维护并改善群体的形象。
三、语言适应的时间代价
在回贴中,以开发某网上语言学习系统而为新移民所熟知的考夫曼先生多次发表意见,其中,他的一个观点是:语言学习与年龄无关,学习态度才是决定因素。我同意学习态度肯定是第一位的,一个人只要想做成一件事,并努力用心去做,他应该可以实现目标,无论年龄多大,只要肯学,都不成问题。现在讨论的重点是所花的时间和代价。几乎没有人能否认,人在青少年时期,记忆力最强、精力最充沛,学东西最快,而语言学习更是如此,如果在青少年时期就得以接触并认真学习母语之外的语言,绝对比成年后学语言要快得多也好得多,而且一旦掌握了第二门语言,想多学更多语言,也会比较容易。反之,一个未在青少年时期掌握至少一门第二外语的成年人,要想在成年后短时间内达到听说读写都流利的程度,是基本不可能的。
会九种语言的考夫曼先生,出身移民家庭,母语并不是英文,在早年启蒙学语阶段,他已接触了瑞典语及其他语言。这为他今后学习并掌握其他语言奠定了很好的基础。所以,成年人不是不能学会并完美掌握第二、第三门语言,只是所费时间及精力要比青少年时期多得多。考夫曼先生在他的回贴中举了黄耀华先生的例子,他承认黄是经过了很多年不完美的英语练习,才得以一朝突破的,这正说明了我的上述观点。同样,我认识的顾雄教授(UBC美术系),现在说一口流利的英文,他亦坦承经过了多年的苦学,大约有九年之久,每天坚持不懈地学,从三十多岁学到四十多岁,才把英文掌握了。所以,对大多成年之后(基本上都在三四十岁的年龄)来到加拿大的中国移民,如果想在加拿大找到比较适合的位置,比较好地适应并最终融入本地社会主流人群,在语言学习上,就需要长久的毅力和决心。我完全相信,发自内心地相信,每一位愿意花时间和精力并长期坚持的移民朋友,在数年之后(其所费年头取决于每天所花的时间量),英语能力即使不比考夫曼先生的中文能力强,也至少会一样强。
四、文化适应的终极之限
语言是文化的重要组成部分,在我们艰难地学习并掌握第二语言的过程中,我们已经不知不觉地在各个方面渐渐体会、认知本地文化,并有了大小不同程度的融入。至于在日常生活和工作中,在我们与本地朋友的交往中、在本地主流媒体(电视、电台、报纸等)的熏染下,不管主观上乐意不乐意,每个人都在身不由己地融入,这使我们与移民前的自我和仍在中国生活的亲戚朋友相比,具备了完全不同的文化特质。不过,当我们对第二语言的掌握越来越自信,对本地生活越来越熟悉的时候,我们几乎都不约而同地发现,无论怎样的努力,我们也不可能与本土出生、成长的人群(无论何种肤色)完全一样,我们前三四十年在中国生长的背景和中国文化的烙印,就象生长在我们肌体中的血脉一样,不可能完全彻底地剥离。无论我们的第二语言怎样的流利,我们的思维、饮食、礼仪、习俗如何地“西化”(同胞眼中的“西化”),在我们的内心深处,我们知道,脱胎换骨也不可能把前三十年的文化浸染全部消除。而与本地朋友的交往,无论多深的交谊,我们彼此都不能不承认,在很多与文化相关的内容上,我们有着太多的不同,这些不同并不表示哪种文化更为优越,哪种文化应该完全扬弃,一切仅仅是不同而已。正是这些不同,不可避免地影响到我们谈话的深度与广度、默契与会心,是的,这就是第一代移民(无论任何族裔)文化适应的终极之限。
不过,文化适应的有限性并不意味着我们应该为此而自卑和痛苦。我们来到这个国家,是因为文明的人类社会有迁徒和居住的自由,因为地球村基于人口、经济及各国不同移民政策的自然人口流动。移民加拿大并被它接纳,是一个双向平等选择的过程,这里面不存在施舍与受恩,不意味先来者就有居高临下教训后来者的优越权。对于移民来说,只要我们一踏上这块土地,认同这个国家,做她的守法居民,遵从本地多数人的风俗习惯,愿意为新家园而勤奋努力、用自己的劳动与对社会的贡献(合法纳税)得到人们应有的尊重,使她因我们的到来变得更好,而不是更差,我们就不必因为暂时的语言不好、融入的时间漫长或深度有限而自责。对本地社会来说,大批移民的到来,势必对原有的各种制度、文化形成无论好还是不好的“改变”或“冲击”,在移民融入本地文化的过程中,我们对本地文化也在起着潜移默化的种种影响。某些主流人士不喜欢并否认与反对这些改变或影响,但是,我们不得不说:对不起,这同样是客观的事实,它不会以主观的喜好为转移。
五、值得深思的高才低用
有一些自以为是精英的移民朋友们,在回贴中为移民在加国的高才低用而抱屈,也有人说,连第二语言都掌握不好,就不要自称精英。其实,一个人的第二语言能力差,并不能因此否认他的才能与智慧,只不过,在一个主要使用此人第二语言的场合与社会中,他的全部才能都将大打折扣,甚至归零。我们一定熟悉下面的情景:当某人用母语表述思想、陈述事实时,他是那样的头脑清晰、逻辑严密、充满智慧的光辉。他能就公司的营销策略、产品开发、客户服务提出一整套方案,或就某个学理、政治方面的问题提出与众不同的独特想法,无可否认,多年的专上教育背景,大集团、大公司、著名大学的工作经历,使年富力强、处于人生颠峰的他,在他的母语社会里,的的确确是远远高于平均水平的精英。
同样是这个人,当他来到第二语言为主要语言及工作语言的社会里,只会简单听说的他,却好像突然之间变成了弱智。他只能默默地听着其他人的高谈阔论,却无法判别其中观点的优劣,因为他只能听懂很少一部分;他也想把自己对某方案、某观点的见解清楚明白地陈述出来,但他做不到,不止是口音,更重要的是,他没有掌握很多有用的表述和最准确的词汇。他本来是这一议题最有发言权的人,多年所受的教育及经验本来是让他发挥智力长处的,但现在却不得不退在一边,做着不需要语言或只需要较少语言交流的体力工作。难道移民到新国家就使这个人的智力下降了吗?显然不是,难道因为他第二语言不好,他就丧失了以往的思想和智慧吗?当然也不是。残酷的事实是:在加拿大,英语不好,你就算有天大的本领,表现出来的可能也只是弱智和半文盲,从而最大的可能是,你找不到适合的位置,只能高才低用,从事与智力经验完全不相称的工作。
六、适应与回流的最终抉择
前面说过,语言学习与文化适应是一个较为长期的过程,在语言不达标之前,移民更多地会在自己族裔的圈子里生活,用本族裔的语言来帮助适应新生活,这就形成了一个不好的循环:一方面我们知道改进语言的方法之一是尽量摆脱族群的圈子,但在语言不好时却又很难打入主流的社交圈;另一方面,越是在本族群内活动,我们就越难改进我们的语言能力。对于这样一个怪圈,我们不能简单地责怪移民缺乏主动的适应性,还是要从语言培训及文化引导的机制上想办法,用鼓励和刺激的手段尽可能地把移民适应的过程缩短。因此,政府的专款资助并没有错,资金不是给多了,而是还不够,只是钱要用得有效果、有针对性。如果象一些主流人士的建议,取消一切移民帮助计划,移民不需要任何的帮助,那么,那些大量只需要语言突破就能为社会做出更大更多贡献的移民,就只能长期高才低用,这实际上是整个社会的损失。对于以引进移民补充未来劳动力的加拿大来说,帮助移民尽快适应,几乎是主流别无选择的唯一道路,因为,移民现在与主流就在同一条船上求生存。
当然,作为移民,我们还有第二条路,那就是选择回流。我们曾经为自己选择了一条注定只能为子女创造条件而自身很难再度辉煌的艰难移民路,这条路并非没有希望与曙光,先行者与同行者也并非没有成功的范例。只是它需要太多的付出。为了在新家园有一个比较适合自己的位置,我们先得花出数年的语言学习时间,消除交流障碍,还要同时进行多方面本地文化的学习与适应,我们有没有这样的毅力和决心?我们愿不愿意付出如此多的时间和代价?我们失去的(投资)和最终获得的(回报)是不是成比例?换言之,我们值不值得为了最终地融入加拿大,而失去自己最佳的年华和当今中国最好的发展时机?答案和选择在你我的心中。 -
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第 2 楼 / Edwin
- 时间: 2004-12-19 11:24
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第 3 楼 / Xiao-Li
- 时间: 2004-12-19 13:17
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第 4 楼 / Steve
- 时间: 2004-12-19 18:24This a very balanced and well-thought out article. I have printed it out and read it carefully.
Just one comment on language learning. I say in my book that exposure to Swedish as a child probably helped my language learning ability,even though I forgot this language soon after arriving in Canada. (My parents spoke English with me at home.) The reason why exposure to another language as an infant is helpful to language learning has to do with developing that part of the brain. (see my post on my bi-lingual forum).
It is not a question of the child having a better memory. The adult in fact can learn and remember new words better than a child. An adult can learn to speak and read newspapers in a new language in six months. A child cannot because the child does not have the knowledge and maturity of the adult. The child is less inhibited, less hung up on his/her culture, is always encouraged and seldom corrected, receives a lot of exposure, is not required to speak correctly, and spends a lot of time with his/her peers using the new language. The more the adult behaves like the child the better the adult will learn.
Many if not most Chinese immigrants grow up hearing a local dialect as well as Mandarin. This local dialect's child language is probably as different from Mandarin as a child's Swedish is from English. So many Chinese immigrants have this advantage in terms of developing the language learning part of their brain.
I have met many monolingual English speakers who have learned Chinese and Japanese very well in one or two years of living in those countries and I have met many Chinese people in China who are extremely fluent in English. It depends on the individual attitude and commitment.
I studied French at school and I would assume that many Chinese immigrants studied English for ten years or more at school. It was not until I stopped relying on the classroom and instead sought out things that interested me in French, that I became fluent.
So I do not believe that it takes another ten years for mmigrants to reach fluency in English, unless they continue doing the same things as they did in China (like going to ESL class with other immigrants). I think 6 months to one year is enough to be work ready with the right attitude and method.
There is no absolute level of required fluency for work. What is needed is to develop the habits that will make the immigrant an autonomous learner. The immigrant needs to get to a point where he or she can read a lot in English, can listen and understand and systematically work on vocabulary. This way he/she can continue to improve rather than stagnate.
I do not agree that there is some absolute cultural barrier. I speak many languages and accomodate myself to the culture of the people I am with. You do not abandon your own culture, you naturally expand to be able to function in another culture. It is really not such a big deal if you are open-minded. It is the thought that you are so different, this constant comparing "we Chinese" to "Westerners" etc. that inhibits language learning and cultural integration.
I am not opposed to government spending on immigrant language learning. However it has to make sense. Right now the Federal government spends $170 million on immigrant language learning. What are the results? How acountable are the schools and the learners? How much is enough. I am sure if the government spent twice as much the immigrant organizations would be lobbying for more.
To me it makes more sense to lend money to the immigrants to spend on their language training. If they improve, a portion of the loan could be forgiven. Or else there should be a competition, with the first prize being 100,000 dollars for the best and the most improved in a variety of categories. Without a strong motivation to learn and effective learning methods, more money put into ESL will just be wasted.
I cannot help but question the commitment of immigrants to really learn. On my bi-lingual forum I have offered many useful tips for language learning but get very little comment back. Instead I get people interested in knowing the terms for "napkin", different ways to say pee and poo, the meaning of isolated slang expressions and translations from Chinese slang. After 4 months on Westca advertizing our system on a banner and mentioning it from time to time in my forum, I am only aware of one person from Westca who has joined us, and that was near the beginning. I have no illusions.
That person's wife also joined our system a month ago and recently sent these comments in for correction. She has been in Canada for one month and is going to do very well.She has the right attitude. I know I will get criticized for being "commercial" again but I honestly think many people should simplify things and just get learning like this person. She has taken control of her learning.
Her words (the numbers refer to corrected phrases)
After using The Linguist for a period of time, I do have some personal opinions on this learning system.
First, I have to say this is a very useful learning system. I enjoy many parts of it, especially the speaking section. From the discussions with different tutors, I become more confident when speaking with native speakers1.
The notion of interacting with the content really impressed me. I feel so good that I can choose the articles I like, listen to them again and again and pick out the words and phrases I am not familiar with. And for sure I will try to fit the new phrases into my writing.
After Steve pointed it out2 I noticed the new Archive function3 in the reading section. Since more and more articles were put into my files4, this function makes my study more convenient. I can move the articles I have already finished learning there and only focus on the rest5. And from this function, a new idea came to my mind6. Can you also put this function in the review section? When I do reviewing, I find some words and phrases that I already know7, and can answer correctly on my tests8. But I do not want to delete them from the list. It would be better9 for me to move these words and phrases into an Archive10 and do a further review after a period of time. If I still can recognize and use them freely, I will delete them.
All in all, I enjoy my study on The Linguist11. I will keep using it and hope it will enable me to achieve12 fluency and accuracy in my English. -
第 5 楼 / andyxiao
- 时间: 2004-12-19 23:53
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第 6 楼 / MaidMarian
- 时间: 2004-12-20 09:31谢谢大家!
关于语言学习,还有几句话要说:
1、掌握第二语言,取决于三个方面:原有基础、个人目标及每天所花时间量。每个人情况不一样,要达到的目标不同,所花费的时间精力条件不同,结果当然不同。
2、所谓掌握,不是简单的日常会话,不是只会听说。而是具有一定文化程度,即至少是高中生程度。对专业人士来说,听、说、读、写四种能力中,说与写更为重要。不是要完美的语音或文学性的写作,而是要表达的丰富与用词的准确。在中国十几亿人口中,差不多有两亿人中文的日常听说都没有问题,但他们不会写字,至少不会写没有错别字或语病的字条;他们也读不懂比儿童图画书更难的文字;在与文化程度高的人交谈时,他们的听与说也会比较艰难,很多词没听过,很多意思不懂得用准确的词汇去表达。是的,这两亿人是中国的文盲或半文盲。如果我们只解决了简单的会话,可能会有助于我们的就业,找到一份简单工种,那我们与上述两亿的中国准文盲进城打工又有什么区别呢?请问各位专业人士:这是你们来加拿大的初衷吗?如果在中国,您会愿意放弃大公司的高级白领职务,去建筑工地学着盖房顶或修理下水管道吗?所以,要获得差不多对应的专业工作,找到在社会上适合的位置、在主流社交圈中有足够的自信应对广泛的话题,在职场中能体验到被人认可的成就感,仅仅掌握简单的听说是远远不够的。
3、学语言本身并不需要特别的决心和毅力,重要的是如何处理在熟练掌握第二语言之前所必须经历的心理考验,即从原来社会的优势群体沦为边缘弱势群体的感受:工作不理想、经济有压力、活动局限于族裔社区(不是不能参与主流的各种活动,而是参与了却无话可说)、脱离或部分脱离社会主流的发展等等。这样的情形短时间也许还能忍受,长达数年就需要相当好的能自我调适与平衡的心态。 -
第 7 楼 / Steve
- 时间: 2004-12-20 10:59People exert themselves in fitness activities in order to become more fit. They sweat and grunt and still always feel that they do not fully achieve their fitness goals. Yet they feel good about themselves and stay healthier than the couch potato who does nothing.
Language learning is a bit like that. You are never quite as good as you would like to be. The more you learn the higher your expectations of yourself. So my advice is to relax, learn to enjoy acquiring the language and congratulate yourself for what you have achieved. But keep working at it.
Just as reading classical Chinese history and philosophy gives me an insight into Chinese culture, I feel that people of Asian origin would do well to read the classics of Greek and Roman mythology and philosophy to understand modern Western society.
In this regard the position of the language learner is somethng inbetween the position of Tantalus and Sisyphus.
The word "tantalize" comes from the plight of the mythological Tantalus, who so offended the gods that he was condemned in the afterlife to an eternity of hunger and thirst. He was made to stand in a pool in Tartarus, the Underworld zone of punishment. Each time he reached down for the water that beckoned to his parched lips, it drained away. Overhanging the pool were boughs laden with luscious fruit. But each time Tantalus stretched to pluck this juicy sustenance, the boughs receded from his grasp. For his crime, which may have entailed stealing ambrosia from the gods, this great sinner was tantalized indeed.
Sisyphus (SIS-i-fus) King of Corinth, condemned in Tartarus to an eternity of rolling a boulder uphill then watching it roll back down again. -
第 8 楼 / Steve
- 时间: 2004-12-20 18:18I do not want to leave the impression that learning English is equivalent to being condemned to the life of Tantalus or Sisyphus. Quite the contrary I think the learning process should be enjoyable in order to bring success.
Learn the language from subjects that interest you. The broader your interests the more comfortable you will be in a new culture.
If you are interested in philosophy it is worthwhile getting to appreciate the rationalist tradition of Western thought as opposed to the more spiritual flavour of Chinese thought.
A little comparison of the principle of Logos in ancient Greece as compared to the principle of Dao in ancient China (both Confucianism and Taosim) is interesting both in terms of what is similar and what is different. I also recommend reading Stoic philosophers like Marcus Aurelius and later philosophers like Montaigne for a sense of classical rationalism and individualism in Western thought.
It is said that Zhuangzi intuitively anticipated Einstein but that is a little too deep for me. -
第 9 楼 / MaidMarian
- 时间: 2004-12-20 20:37关于文化适应的话题,其实我的本意并不认为不同文化之间有多大障碍,在同异之中,不存偏见与歧视的人们理当互相欣赏、互为补充,并不会因为“异”而影响交情和友谊。我强调的是不同文化背景的人们谈话的深度与广度、默契与会心,很多移民都会有同感,下面的小故事或许能引起大家的共鸣,也能帮助幼年移民的考夫曼先生了解其中曲折。
我曾参加过一位本地朋友的生日聚会。他是第三代意大利移民,生长于温哥华,大家称他为Ken。那天是在一家有现场乐队的酒吧里举行的活动。当乐队奏起一首有些感伤的曲子时,他和他的十几位差不多同龄的朋友显得十分激动,先是跟着吟唱,然后又互相讲起许多往事。我只觉得乐曲好听,但并没有激动的感觉。Ken告诉我,这首歌里的每一句词他都记得,是他们这一批四十多岁的人teenager时代伴随多年的歌曲,记录了他们的青春、爱情和对未来的幻想,每当听到这首歌,他们就会回忆起当初的岁月和彼此成长的趣事。当他们沉浸于往事的追忆时,他们是那样的默契,某人才讲了上半句话,其他人就能立马知道他下面要讲什么,然后大家一起开怀大笑。而这一切,却totally 与我无关。
我也有青春成长期喜欢的歌曲、诗歌、小说等等,这些东西并非全是中国出品的,不少也是世界名著、“外国爱情诗”“台湾校园歌曲”等等,我与我的中国同龄朋友只要一谈论起中学、大学时期最流行的这些精神产品,我们一样会心地大笑,或激动地流泪。在这些精神文化产品上,我们赋予了主观的感情色彩。
也就是说,并不是文化的内容或理解的差异决定了我与本地朋友的“有限”交流,而是成长的背景及流行文化中包含的不同往事影响了我们与他们的“共鸣”。如前所说,这些差异不会影响我们的友情,也与是否"open mind"无关。但却是社交中无法痛快淋漓、感情投入的原因。
如果每件往事、每个笑料Ken都要向我解释,他与我都会很累,也把本来很活跃的聚会变成多少有些扫兴的“上课”。而如果不加“注释”和“讲解”,我就完全是个局外人,只能保持礼貌的笑容,一直到晚会结束。这种融不进去或只融进一部分的感觉,就是我所说的“文化适应有限性”。它与主观努力无关,与融入“态度”无关,也谈不上是否“没面子”的问题,只是简单地意识到“有限性”而已。
对于第二代移民,就完全没有这个问题。他们就在本地出生,或幼年、童年时随父母移民来到这里,同样的教育环境,同样的娱乐活动,他们与同龄的本地孩子除了肤色,没有任何不同。有个例子也很说明问题。本地有组织犯罪集团“地狱天使”的成员们,在衣服上都有“18”的字样,这曾经令我困惑不解,后来我知道了答案。回家后先考一下女儿,以为她肯定也不会知道,没有料到,她思索片刻,便得出了答案:angel of hell 的缩写是AH, A为英文第一个字母,H为英文第八个字母,合为“18”。女儿说:这有何难,学校里同学之间有时互取外号,也有把first name 与last name的头一个字母按顺序来称呼的例子。如果她成长在中国,绝不会有这样的“灵感”(当然一定会有属于中国校园文化的其他灵感)。成年后移民的广大朋友们,与我一样,再聪明的头脑,也未必会很快反应出来,因为我们没有这样的文化“熏陶”,这也是我所说的“文化适应有限性”。 -
第 10 楼 / 游客
- 时间: 2004-12-20 22:41Well written paper by Shang Hong. But I have to say I disagree on several things.
First about the election, Liberal can stay in power for such a long time is not because they have “Canadian Moral Superiority”, which only exists in some Canadian elites’ imagination. They were elected because there had not been a real opposition until not long ago, largely thanks to Mr. Brian Mulroney.
I was very disappointed to see the low turn-out of last election. That is the first election people had real alternatives. Also that is the election after many broken promises and scandals. During that election, every party won but the nation lost. The record-low turn-out shows the democracy in this nation is failing.
I also disagree that the culture gap would necessary set us apart. I consider myself a very traditional Chinese. The Chinese culture has given me great benefit on everyday in my life. That is why I push very hard on my child to learn Chinese so she can benefit from the wisdom in Chinese culture too. However, I found my Chinese background makes me easily accept some of the value points and moral standards in this society, like individual freedom, respect other people’s rights and feelings, human decency, as well as duty, honor and country. I would not be surprised that Confucius and Lao Tzu had made similar discovery about human nature as Plato and Scorates. After all, the things we cherish and suffer are not that far different.
You are right that the culture of origin has great, if not predominant, influence on the first generation immigrants. It is not a burden or barrier if we are willing to merge into this society. Quite the contrary, our different background can enrich the Canadian culture.