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樓主 / MaidMarian
- 時間: 2004-12-19 10:55加拿大的國民性與中國移民的適應性(修訂版)
尚虹
近期,本地中文時事評論員、節目主持人丁果先生在<蒙城華人報>發表了一篇題為“加拿大的問題在哪裡?”他的結論是“不圖思變”、“不會善用移民”,同時也提醒移民要爭氣,不要將亞洲的惡習帶到加拿大。此文後來被溫哥華本地的一家中文網站轉貼,引來各種不同意見,其中有不少涉及語言學習與文化適應的問題。本人以為,關於加國社會價值觀的評判,在主流及中文的媒體中都時有所見,不同觀點可謂見仁見智;而有關移民(主要指中國移民,尤指近年來自大陸的新移民)適應的問題也不絕於報端和網文。在馬田總理及新一輪的加拿大中國商團的年初訪華即將展開之際,移民使用及加拿大的未來發展、加中貿易等問題再度引發人們興趣。筆者亦有一得之見,願與廣大讀者分享。需要說明的是,筆者此文不代表任何媒體、任何機構和組織,只是個人平日的觀察與思考,而所據以分析、觀察的出發點,亦均指一般、大致、普遍的印象或現象,無統計數字的准確衡量,也不排除種種特例或否認其他不同視角,敬祈讀者批評指正。
一、寬容理念與“不圖思變”
在西方民主國家,較為成熟的政治生態表現之一是國民的意願大於政黨的意願。兩黨制衡也好,一黨獨大也好,都是民眾用選票做的最後決定。自上個世紀八十年代中後期以來,加國民眾的社會價值觀大多傾向自由化,崇尚寬容、平等、尊重並實際照顧到個體、小團體、及社會弱勢邊緣群體的利益。吻合這一理念的政黨及政治家,就比較容易在競選中獲勝,反之則會落敗。這在歷年的聯邦大選中表現十分明顯,今年亦不例外,多數民眾並非不知一黨獨大的弊端,但他們更害怕不寬容對個人利益及自由的侵犯。兩害相權取其輕,他們用選票在最大程度上維護或保護了自己崇尚的理念。無論我們是否認同這樣的理念,它都是加拿大主流社會的客觀事實,而且代表了多數人(至少是投票的多數)。
丁果先生為加拿大是“二流(或三流)國家”與“不圖思變”而深感痛心,其實大可不必如此憂國憂民。我們承認,如果一個人(國家,社會亦然)要追求卓越、激情與夢想,自然應當去努力奮斗,力爭一流。美國自不待言,不僅要一流,而且要無出其右、世界獨霸。亞洲國家,無論四小龍,還是中國、印度,都各自有其夢想與野心,一方面是傳統文化的影響,一方面是現實的壓力與需要。而加拿大作為移民國家,立國較晚,地域雖廣,但人口稀少,從地緣政治的角度看頗占優勢,陸地上除與美國接壤之外,身處兩大洋的保護之下,較少有來自外界的威脅。與美國的關系雖說時冷時熱,但無論有再多爭端或不同,也難改兩國固有的朋友(甚至是兄弟)關系本質,兩國在意識形態(人權、民主等)、經濟、文化、社會等諸多方面有著比任何國家更一致的方面。多年以來,加美關系已基本形成定勢,打破這種強弱搭配的格局,讓加拿大與美國在北美一爭高低,形成雙強,恐怕不是靠意願就能辦成的。由於制度的、觀念的及現實需要的種種不同,加拿大呈現在我們面前的就是這樣一副局面,將之完全歸罪於某一政黨或某一代加拿大人都是不公平的。無論我們華人喜歡還是不喜歡這樣的國民性,它都很難在短時間內(一代人)通過某一政黨、或發動某種意義上的“改革”就能得以徹底改變。
二、移民的素質與開拓亞洲貿易
關於善用移民開拓亞洲貿易(我想丁果先生主要還是指對中國的貿易)的問題,我們不否認移民中人才濟濟,藏龍臥虎,但這些人才是否符合加拿大對外貿易的要求,還需要考量。在當今國際貿易的舞台上,亞洲也好、中國也好,最基本的工作語言還是英文,不止是口頭交流,而且有大量的“paper work”是以英文為主進行的。一個熟知中國市場、了解其中運作規則,而且漢語運用得心應手的移民,如果不同時兼備流利的英文說寫能力,亦不能稱為合格的加拿大對亞洲貿易人才。因為在與加拿大國內商家或機構組織交流時,這樣的移民不能准確迅速地將他所掌握的技能與信息、智慧與才幹反映出來,在無論何種規模的外貿談判中,他都將難以及時、完美地達成目標、完成任務,那麼,這樣的人才就不合格。須知,即使在中國,從事對外貿易的人員,無論公營私營,在英語能力的掌握上,都遠遠勝過了不少在加拿大的中國移民。所以,我們對實際能勝任加中貿易的移民人才“庫存量”的估計,並不如丁果先生那樣樂觀。
其次是關於亞洲人(恐怕丁先生也主要是指中國人)自己不爭氣,窩裡斗、坑蒙拐騙的問題。其實,人是制度與環境的產物,我拒絕用族裔的標簽來歸類人性。在任何種族中,其人性的共同點往往大於其差異點。由於不同制度的規范與制約,身處特定時期後天習染的不同環境中,不同種族、不同地區的人性逐漸有了不同的特質。但一切並非不可改變,“適者生存”的自然法則將在良好機制運轉(即相對公平)的社會裡,自然去調整和改變人性的弱點,從而實現優勝劣汰。而加拿大社會正是一個比較規范也比較公平的社會,移民群體經過時間的歷練,大浪淘沙,也必將或早或晚地順應這條鐵的自然律。因此,與其站在高處指點同胞,不如一同分擔這份恥辱,盡自身一己之力,維護並改善群體的形象。
三、語言適應的時間代價
在回貼中,以開發某網上語言學習系統而為新移民所熟知的考夫曼先生多次發表意見,其中,他的一個觀點是:語言學習與年齡無關,學習態度才是決定因素。我同意學習態度肯定是第一位的,一個人只要想做成一件事,並努力用心去做,他應該可以實現目標,無論年齡多大,只要肯學,都不成問題。現在討論的重點是所花的時間和代價。幾乎沒有人能否認,人在青少年時期,記憶力最強、精力最充沛,學東西最快,而語言學習更是如此,如果在青少年時期就得以接觸並認真學習母語之外的語言,絕對比成年後學語言要快得多也好得多,而且一旦掌握了第二門語言,想多學更多語言,也會比較容易。反之,一個未在青少年時期掌握至少一門第二外語的成年人,要想在成年後短時間內達到聽說讀寫都流利的程度,是基本不可能的。
會九種語言的考夫曼先生,出身移民家庭,母語並不是英文,在早年啟蒙學語階段,他已接觸了瑞典語及其他語言。這為他今後學習並掌握其他語言奠定了很好的基礎。所以,成年人不是不能學會並完美掌握第二、第三門語言,只是所費時間及精力要比青少年時期多得多。考夫曼先生在他的回貼中舉了黃耀華先生的例子,他承認黃是經過了很多年不完美的英語練習,才得以一朝突破的,這正說明了我的上述觀點。同樣,我認識的顧雄教授(UBC美術系),現在說一口流利的英文,他亦坦承經過了多年的苦學,大約有九年之久,每天堅持不懈地學,從三十多歲學到四十多歲,才把英文掌握了。所以,對大多成年之後(基本上都在三四十歲的年齡)來到加拿大的中國移民,如果想在加拿大找到比較適合的位置,比較好地適應並最終融入本地社會主流人群,在語言學習上,就需要長久的毅力和決心。我完全相信,發自內心地相信,每一位願意花時間和精力並長期堅持的移民朋友,在數年之後(其所費年頭取決於每天所花的時間量),英語能力即使不比考夫曼先生的中文能力強,也至少會一樣強。
四、文化適應的終極之限
語言是文化的重要組成部分,在我們艱難地學習並掌握第二語言的過程中,我們已經不知不覺地在各個方面漸漸體會、認知本地文化,並有了大小不同程度的融入。至於在日常生活和工作中,在我們與本地朋友的交往中、在本地主流媒體(電視、電台、報紙等)的熏染下,不管主觀上樂意不樂意,每個人都在身不由己地融入,這使我們與移民前的自我和仍在中國生活的親戚朋友相比,具備了完全不同的文化特質。不過,當我們對第二語言的掌握越來越自信,對本地生活越來越熟悉的時候,我們幾乎都不約而同地發現,無論怎樣的努力,我們也不可能與本土出生、成長的人群(無論何種膚色)完全一樣,我們前三四十年在中國生長的背景和中國文化的烙印,就象生長在我們肌體中的血脈一樣,不可能完全徹底地剝離。無論我們的第二語言怎樣的流利,我們的思維、飲食、禮儀、習俗如何地“西化”(同胞眼中的“西化”),在我們的內心深處,我們知道,脫胎換骨也不可能把前三十年的文化浸染全部消除。而與本地朋友的交往,無論多深的交誼,我們彼此都不能不承認,在很多與文化相關的內容上,我們有著太多的不同,這些不同並不表示哪種文化更為優越,哪種文化應該完全揚棄,一切僅僅是不同而已。正是這些不同,不可避免地影響到我們談話的深度與廣度、默契與會心,是的,這就是第一代移民(無論任何族裔)文化適應的終極之限。
不過,文化適應的有限性並不意味著我們應該為此而自卑和痛苦。我們來到這個國家,是因為文明的人類社會有遷徒和居住的自由,因為地球村基於人口、經濟及各國不同移民政策的自然人口流動。移民加拿大並被它接納,是一個雙向平等選擇的過程,這裡面不存在施舍與受恩,不意味先來者就有居高臨下教訓後來者的優越權。對於移民來說,只要我們一踏上這塊土地,認同這個國家,做她的守法居民,遵從本地多數人的風俗習慣,願意為新家園而勤奮努力、用自己的勞動與對社會的貢獻(合法納稅)得到人們應有的尊重,使她因我們的到來變得更好,而不是更差,我們就不必因為暫時的語言不好、融入的時間漫長或深度有限而自責。對本地社會來說,大批移民的到來,勢必對原有的各種制度、文化形成無論好還是不好的“改變”或“沖擊”,在移民融入本地文化的過程中,我們對本地文化也在起著潛移默化的種種影響。某些主流人士不喜歡並否認與反對這些改變或影響,但是,我們不得不說:對不起,這同樣是客觀的事實,它不會以主觀的喜好為轉移。
五、值得深思的高才低用
有一些自以為是精英的移民朋友們,在回貼中為移民在加國的高才低用而抱屈,也有人說,連第二語言都掌握不好,就不要自稱精英。其實,一個人的第二語言能力差,並不能因此否認他的才能與智慧,只不過,在一個主要使用此人第二語言的場合與社會中,他的全部才能都將大打折扣,甚至歸零。我們一定熟悉下面的情景:當某人用母語表述思想、陳述事實時,他是那樣的頭腦清晰、邏輯嚴密、充滿智慧的光輝。他能就公司的營銷策略、產品開發、客戶服務提出一整套方案,或就某個學理、政治方面的問題提出與眾不同的獨特想法,無可否認,多年的專上教育背景,大集團、大公司、著名大學的工作經歷,使年富力強、處於人生顛峰的他,在他的母語社會裡,的的確確是遠遠高於平均水平的精英。
同樣是這個人,當他來到第二語言為主要語言及工作語言的社會裡,只會簡單聽說的他,卻好像突然之間變成了弱智。他只能默默地聽著其他人的高談闊論,卻無法判別其中觀點的優劣,因為他只能聽懂很少一部分;他也想把自己對某方案、某觀點的見解清楚明白地陳述出來,但他做不到,不止是口音,更重要的是,他沒有掌握很多有用的表述和最准確的詞匯。他本來是這一議題最有發言權的人,多年所受的教育及經驗本來是讓他發揮智力長處的,但現在卻不得不退在一邊,做著不需要語言或只需要較少語言交流的體力工作。難道移民到新國家就使這個人的智力下降了嗎?顯然不是,難道因為他第二語言不好,他就喪失了以往的思想和智慧嗎?當然也不是。殘酷的事實是:在加拿大,英語不好,你就算有天大的本領,表現出來的可能也只是弱智和半文盲,從而最大的可能是,你找不到適合的位置,只能高才低用,從事與智力經驗完全不相稱的工作。
六、適應與回流的最終抉擇
前面說過,語言學習與文化適應是一個較為長期的過程,在語言不達標之前,移民更多地會在自己族裔的圈子裡生活,用本族裔的語言來幫助適應新生活,這就形成了一個不好的循環:一方面我們知道改進語言的方法之一是盡量擺脫族群的圈子,但在語言不好時卻又很難打入主流的社交圈;另一方面,越是在本族群內活動,我們就越難改進我們的語言能力。對於這樣一個怪圈,我們不能簡單地責怪移民缺乏主動的適應性,還是要從語言培訓及文化引導的機制上想辦法,用鼓勵和刺激的手段盡可能地把移民適應的過程縮短。因此,政府的專款資助並沒有錯,資金不是給多了,而是還不夠,只是錢要用得有效果、有針對性。如果象一些主流人士的建議,取消一切移民幫助計劃,移民不需要任何的幫助,那麼,那些大量只需要語言突破就能為社會做出更大更多貢獻的移民,就只能長期高才低用,這實際上是整個社會的損失。對於以引進移民補充未來勞動力的加拿大來說,幫助移民盡快適應,幾乎是主流別無選擇的唯一道路,因為,移民現在與主流就在同一條船上求生存。
當然,作為移民,我們還有第二條路,那就是選擇回流。我們曾經為自己選擇了一條注定只能為子女創造條件而自身很難再度輝煌的艱難移民路,這條路並非沒有希望與曙光,先行者與同行者也並非沒有成功的范例。只是它需要太多的付出。為了在新家園有一個比較適合自己的位置,我們先得花出數年的語言學習時間,消除交流障礙,還要同時進行多方面本地文化的學習與適應,我們有沒有這樣的毅力和決心?我們願不願意付出如此多的時間和代價?我們失去的(投資)和最終獲得的(回報)是不是成比例?換言之,我們值不值得為了最終地融入加拿大,而失去自己最佳的年華和當今中國最好的發展時機?答案和選擇在你我的心中。 -
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第 2 樓 / Edwin
- 時間: 2004-12-19 11:24
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第 3 樓 / Xiao-Li
- 時間: 2004-12-19 13:17
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第 4 樓 / Steve
- 時間: 2004-12-19 18:24This a very balanced and well-thought out article. I have printed it out and read it carefully.
Just one comment on language learning. I say in my book that exposure to Swedish as a child probably helped my language learning ability,even though I forgot this language soon after arriving in Canada. (My parents spoke English with me at home.) The reason why exposure to another language as an infant is helpful to language learning has to do with developing that part of the brain. (see my post on my bi-lingual forum).
It is not a question of the child having a better memory. The adult in fact can learn and remember new words better than a child. An adult can learn to speak and read newspapers in a new language in six months. A child cannot because the child does not have the knowledge and maturity of the adult. The child is less inhibited, less hung up on his/her culture, is always encouraged and seldom corrected, receives a lot of exposure, is not required to speak correctly, and spends a lot of time with his/her peers using the new language. The more the adult behaves like the child the better the adult will learn.
Many if not most Chinese immigrants grow up hearing a local dialect as well as Mandarin. This local dialect's child language is probably as different from Mandarin as a child's Swedish is from English. So many Chinese immigrants have this advantage in terms of developing the language learning part of their brain.
I have met many monolingual English speakers who have learned Chinese and Japanese very well in one or two years of living in those countries and I have met many Chinese people in China who are extremely fluent in English. It depends on the individual attitude and commitment.
I studied French at school and I would assume that many Chinese immigrants studied English for ten years or more at school. It was not until I stopped relying on the classroom and instead sought out things that interested me in French, that I became fluent.
So I do not believe that it takes another ten years for mmigrants to reach fluency in English, unless they continue doing the same things as they did in China (like going to ESL class with other immigrants). I think 6 months to one year is enough to be work ready with the right attitude and method.
There is no absolute level of required fluency for work. What is needed is to develop the habits that will make the immigrant an autonomous learner. The immigrant needs to get to a point where he or she can read a lot in English, can listen and understand and systematically work on vocabulary. This way he/she can continue to improve rather than stagnate.
I do not agree that there is some absolute cultural barrier. I speak many languages and accomodate myself to the culture of the people I am with. You do not abandon your own culture, you naturally expand to be able to function in another culture. It is really not such a big deal if you are open-minded. It is the thought that you are so different, this constant comparing "we Chinese" to "Westerners" etc. that inhibits language learning and cultural integration.
I am not opposed to government spending on immigrant language learning. However it has to make sense. Right now the Federal government spends $170 million on immigrant language learning. What are the results? How acountable are the schools and the learners? How much is enough. I am sure if the government spent twice as much the immigrant organizations would be lobbying for more.
To me it makes more sense to lend money to the immigrants to spend on their language training. If they improve, a portion of the loan could be forgiven. Or else there should be a competition, with the first prize being 100,000 dollars for the best and the most improved in a variety of categories. Without a strong motivation to learn and effective learning methods, more money put into ESL will just be wasted.
I cannot help but question the commitment of immigrants to really learn. On my bi-lingual forum I have offered many useful tips for language learning but get very little comment back. Instead I get people interested in knowing the terms for "napkin", different ways to say pee and poo, the meaning of isolated slang expressions and translations from Chinese slang. After 4 months on Westca advertizing our system on a banner and mentioning it from time to time in my forum, I am only aware of one person from Westca who has joined us, and that was near the beginning. I have no illusions.
That person's wife also joined our system a month ago and recently sent these comments in for correction. She has been in Canada for one month and is going to do very well.She has the right attitude. I know I will get criticized for being "commercial" again but I honestly think many people should simplify things and just get learning like this person. She has taken control of her learning.
Her words (the numbers refer to corrected phrases)
After using The Linguist for a period of time, I do have some personal opinions on this learning system.
First, I have to say this is a very useful learning system. I enjoy many parts of it, especially the speaking section. From the discussions with different tutors, I become more confident when speaking with native speakers1.
The notion of interacting with the content really impressed me. I feel so good that I can choose the articles I like, listen to them again and again and pick out the words and phrases I am not familiar with. And for sure I will try to fit the new phrases into my writing.
After Steve pointed it out2 I noticed the new Archive function3 in the reading section. Since more and more articles were put into my files4, this function makes my study more convenient. I can move the articles I have already finished learning there and only focus on the rest5. And from this function, a new idea came to my mind6. Can you also put this function in the review section? When I do reviewing, I find some words and phrases that I already know7, and can answer correctly on my tests8. But I do not want to delete them from the list. It would be better9 for me to move these words and phrases into an Archive10 and do a further review after a period of time. If I still can recognize and use them freely, I will delete them.
All in all, I enjoy my study on The Linguist11. I will keep using it and hope it will enable me to achieve12 fluency and accuracy in my English. -
第 5 樓 / andyxiao
- 時間: 2004-12-19 23:53
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第 6 樓 / MaidMarian
- 時間: 2004-12-20 09:31謝謝大家!
關於語言學習,還有幾句話要說:
1、掌握第二語言,取決於三個方面:原有基礎、個人目標及每天所花時間量。每個人情況不一樣,要達到的目標不同,所花費的時間精力條件不同,結果當然不同。
2、所謂掌握,不是簡單的日常會話,不是只會聽說。而是具有一定文化程度,即至少是高中生程度。對專業人士來說,聽、說、讀、寫四種能力中,說與寫更為重要。不是要完美的語音或文學性的寫作,而是要表達的豐富與用詞的准確。在中國十幾億人口中,差不多有兩億人中文的日常聽說都沒有問題,但他們不會寫字,至少不會寫沒有錯別字或語病的字條;他們也讀不懂比兒童圖畫書更難的文字;在與文化程度高的人交談時,他們的聽與說也會比較艱難,很多詞沒聽過,很多意思不懂得用准確的詞匯去表達。是的,這兩億人是中國的文盲或半文盲。如果我們只解決了簡單的會話,可能會有助於我們的就業,找到一份簡單工種,那我們與上述兩億的中國准文盲進城打工又有什麼區別呢?請問各位專業人士:這是你們來加拿大的初衷嗎?如果在中國,您會願意放棄大公司的高級白領職務,去建築工地學著蓋房頂或修理下水管道嗎?所以,要獲得差不多對應的專業工作,找到在社會上適合的位置、在主流社交圈中有足夠的自信應對廣泛的話題,在職場中能體驗到被人認可的成就感,僅僅掌握簡單的聽說是遠遠不夠的。
3、學語言本身並不需要特別的決心和毅力,重要的是如何處理在熟練掌握第二語言之前所必須經歷的心理考驗,即從原來社會的優勢群體淪為邊緣弱勢群體的感受:工作不理想、經濟有壓力、活動局限於族裔社區(不是不能參與主流的各種活動,而是參與了卻無話可說)、脫離或部分脫離社會主流的發展等等。這樣的情形短時間也許還能忍受,長達數年就需要相當好的能自我調適與平衡的心態。 -
第 7 樓 / Steve
- 時間: 2004-12-20 10:59People exert themselves in fitness activities in order to become more fit. They sweat and grunt and still always feel that they do not fully achieve their fitness goals. Yet they feel good about themselves and stay healthier than the couch potato who does nothing.
Language learning is a bit like that. You are never quite as good as you would like to be. The more you learn the higher your expectations of yourself. So my advice is to relax, learn to enjoy acquiring the language and congratulate yourself for what you have achieved. But keep working at it.
Just as reading classical Chinese history and philosophy gives me an insight into Chinese culture, I feel that people of Asian origin would do well to read the classics of Greek and Roman mythology and philosophy to understand modern Western society.
In this regard the position of the language learner is somethng inbetween the position of Tantalus and Sisyphus.
The word "tantalize" comes from the plight of the mythological Tantalus, who so offended the gods that he was condemned in the afterlife to an eternity of hunger and thirst. He was made to stand in a pool in Tartarus, the Underworld zone of punishment. Each time he reached down for the water that beckoned to his parched lips, it drained away. Overhanging the pool were boughs laden with luscious fruit. But each time Tantalus stretched to pluck this juicy sustenance, the boughs receded from his grasp. For his crime, which may have entailed stealing ambrosia from the gods, this great sinner was tantalized indeed.
Sisyphus (SIS-i-fus) King of Corinth, condemned in Tartarus to an eternity of rolling a boulder uphill then watching it roll back down again. -
第 8 樓 / Steve
- 時間: 2004-12-20 18:18I do not want to leave the impression that learning English is equivalent to being condemned to the life of Tantalus or Sisyphus. Quite the contrary I think the learning process should be enjoyable in order to bring success.
Learn the language from subjects that interest you. The broader your interests the more comfortable you will be in a new culture.
If you are interested in philosophy it is worthwhile getting to appreciate the rationalist tradition of Western thought as opposed to the more spiritual flavour of Chinese thought.
A little comparison of the principle of Logos in ancient Greece as compared to the principle of Dao in ancient China (both Confucianism and Taosim) is interesting both in terms of what is similar and what is different. I also recommend reading Stoic philosophers like Marcus Aurelius and later philosophers like Montaigne for a sense of classical rationalism and individualism in Western thought.
It is said that Zhuangzi intuitively anticipated Einstein but that is a little too deep for me. -
第 9 樓 / MaidMarian
- 時間: 2004-12-20 20:37關於文化適應的話題,其實我的本意並不認為不同文化之間有多大障礙,在同異之中,不存偏見與歧視的人們理當互相欣賞、互為補充,並不會因為“異”而影響交情和友誼。我強調的是不同文化背景的人們談話的深度與廣度、默契與會心,很多移民都會有同感,下面的小故事或許能引起大家的共鳴,也能幫助幼年移民的考夫曼先生了解其中曲折。
我曾參加過一位本地朋友的生日聚會。他是第三代意大利移民,生長於溫哥華,大家稱他為Ken。那天是在一家有現場樂隊的酒吧裡舉行的活動。當樂隊奏起一首有些感傷的曲子時,他和他的十幾位差不多同齡的朋友顯得十分激動,先是跟著吟唱,然後又互相講起許多往事。我只覺得樂曲好聽,但並沒有激動的感覺。Ken告訴我,這首歌裡的每一句詞他都記得,是他們這一批四十多歲的人teenager時代伴隨多年的歌曲,記錄了他們的青春、愛情和對未來的幻想,每當聽到這首歌,他們就會回憶起當初的歲月和彼此成長的趣事。當他們沉浸於往事的追憶時,他們是那樣的默契,某人才講了上半句話,其他人就能立馬知道他下面要講什麼,然後大家一起開懷大笑。而這一切,卻totally 與我無關。
我也有青春成長期喜歡的歌曲、詩歌、小說等等,這些東西並非全是中國出品的,不少也是世界名著、“外國愛情詩”“台灣校園歌曲”等等,我與我的中國同齡朋友只要一談論起中學、大學時期最流行的這些精神產品,我們一樣會心地大笑,或激動地流淚。在這些精神文化產品上,我們賦予了主觀的感情色彩。
也就是說,並不是文化的內容或理解的差異決定了我與本地朋友的“有限”交流,而是成長的背景及流行文化中包含的不同往事影響了我們與他們的“共鳴”。如前所說,這些差異不會影響我們的友情,也與是否"open mind"無關。但卻是社交中無法痛快淋漓、感情投入的原因。
如果每件往事、每個笑料Ken都要向我解釋,他與我都會很累,也把本來很活躍的聚會變成多少有些掃興的“上課”。而如果不加“注釋”和“講解”,我就完全是個局外人,只能保持禮貌的笑容,一直到晚會結束。這種融不進去或只融進一部分的感覺,就是我所說的“文化適應有限性”。它與主觀努力無關,與融入“態度”無關,也談不上是否“沒面子”的問題,只是簡單地意識到“有限性”而已。
對於第二代移民,就完全沒有這個問題。他們就在本地出生,或幼年、童年時隨父母移民來到這裡,同樣的教育環境,同樣的娛樂活動,他們與同齡的本地孩子除了膚色,沒有任何不同。有個例子也很說明問題。本地有組織犯罪集團“地獄天使”的成員們,在衣服上都有“18”的字樣,這曾經令我困惑不解,後來我知道了答案。回家後先考一下女兒,以為她肯定也不會知道,沒有料到,她思索片刻,便得出了答案:angel of hell 的縮寫是AH, A為英文第一個字母,H為英文第八個字母,合為“18”。女兒說:這有何難,學校裡同學之間有時互取外號,也有把first name 與last name的頭一個字母按順序來稱呼的例子。如果她成長在中國,絕不會有這樣的“靈感”(當然一定會有屬於中國校園文化的其他靈感)。成年後移民的廣大朋友們,與我一樣,再聰明的頭腦,也未必會很快反應出來,因為我們沒有這樣的文化“熏陶”,這也是我所說的“文化適應有限性”。 -
第 10 樓 / 游客
- 時間: 2004-12-20 22:41Well written paper by Shang Hong. But I have to say I disagree on several things.
First about the election, Liberal can stay in power for such a long time is not because they have “Canadian Moral Superiority”, which only exists in some Canadian elites’ imagination. They were elected because there had not been a real opposition until not long ago, largely thanks to Mr. Brian Mulroney.
I was very disappointed to see the low turn-out of last election. That is the first election people had real alternatives. Also that is the election after many broken promises and scandals. During that election, every party won but the nation lost. The record-low turn-out shows the democracy in this nation is failing.
I also disagree that the culture gap would necessary set us apart. I consider myself a very traditional Chinese. The Chinese culture has given me great benefit on everyday in my life. That is why I push very hard on my child to learn Chinese so she can benefit from the wisdom in Chinese culture too. However, I found my Chinese background makes me easily accept some of the value points and moral standards in this society, like individual freedom, respect other people’s rights and feelings, human decency, as well as duty, honor and country. I would not be surprised that Confucius and Lao Tzu had made similar discovery about human nature as Plato and Scorates. After all, the things we cherish and suffer are not that far different.
You are right that the culture of origin has great, if not predominant, influence on the first generation immigrants. It is not a burden or barrier if we are willing to merge into this society. Quite the contrary, our different background can enrich the Canadian culture.