并且其中已经有问题：为什么植物在没有日月星之前就被造了？我个人觉得诗人一定是观察当时的情形写的。也就是说，在第六章诺亚洪水之前，地球被一层厚厚的云遮蔽，没有人看见过日月星。所以诗人就用他的观察所得，写下了当时人所了解的事实。至于方先生指出第二章的次序，完全没有顾到文法。连中文都看得出来，神是把从前用土所造的走兽飞鸟，都带到他面前，让他命名。英文圣经更加清楚。用的是过去式。而希伯来文则用了一个不完全式。解经学者指出，这个记载，因此与第一章完全没有冲突。作者所用的描写方式，是典型的闪族史学家的文笔，就是先把主词放前面，再把其它和他发生关系的名词放在后面。所以才会有亚当在前面，野兽在后面的情形。用英文翻译，最好写成：God brought to Adam the beasts which He hadformed.用中文说就是：「神把他先前所造的野兽，都带到亚当面前。」
好比中国发大水，某地方领导发表谈话说：「虽然发了大水，但是塞翁失马，得到解放军的帮助，把几年都没修的路给整好了。」外国记者听了，把这话翻译作英文说：Even thought therewas flood, It is just like a stupid old man losthishorse, because the army came to help us, andrepairedthe high way forus.
Etymology: Latin ruminatus, past participle of ruminari to chew thecud, muse upon, from rumin-, rumen rumen; perhaps akinto Sanskritromantha act of chewing the cudDate: 1533
一看之下，发现上当。这个字是在1553年才发明的。意思是在1553年之前，人根本不知道反刍这个字。他们只知道「倒嚼」也就是to chew the cud。好！那么to chew the cud又有多久的历史呢？chew 同样的利用韦氏大字典：
Main Entry: 1chewPronunciation: 'chüFunction: verbEtymology: MiddleEnglish chewen, from Old English cEowan; akin to Old High German kiuwanto chew, Russian zhevat'Date: before 12th centurytransitive senses : tocrush, grind, or gnaw (as food) with or asif with the teeth :MASTICATE intransitive senses : to chew something; specifically : tochew tobacco
- chew·able /-&-b&l/ adjective- chew·er noun- chewy /'chü-E/adjective- chew the rag or chew the fat slang : to make friendlyfamiliarconversation : CHAT
以下的说明是讲到这个字的意思。最后列出四个不同的转变形式。但是网上韦氏大字典没有把这个字所有的词组都列出来。所以找不到to chew thecud。如果谁靠近那一间大学，不妨去找找看，看看to chew thecud是什么时候开始使用的。但是我们的讨论，只要看到「早于十二世纪」迟过第十世纪就够了。因为圣经的「兔子倒嚼」记载的摩西五经，写作年代早于公元前也就是耶稣之前第十世纪。就算那些想批判圣经的不信派，最迟也没有把摩西五经的写作年代，定在公元前第三世纪之后。无论如何都早过英语里开始使用toChew the cud.
为了小心，我再去找找cud.得到下面的结果：
Main Entry: cudPronunciation: 'k&d, chiefly Southern 'kud or'küdFunction: nounEtymology: Middle English cudde, from Old Englishcwudu; akin to Old High German kuti glue, Sanskrit jatu gumDate: before12th century1 : food brought up into the mouth by a ruminating animalfromits first stomach to be chewed again2 : 2QUID
生物学怎样系统化，真的成为一门科学？要拜Sir Isaac Newton的 Principia (1687)一书。他在这本书里描写了一个精确的宇宙系统和一套同样精确的分类。或许在现代人看起来相当幼稚，却是当时最好的系统。
现代化的生物分类，要推崇Karl von Linné (Latinized to Carolus Linnaeus)为鼻祖。后来有JeanBaptiste Lamarck 将Karl von Linne的系统发扬光大，在1817年 Georges, BaronCuvier,才正式把目前的生物分类学整顿完成。百科全书后面的说明，集中在十八、十九世纪。也就是到了达尔文的时代，当时人才忽然发现新大陆和全球各地的许多新物种。生物学真正开始发展，是到廿世纪的事。
As a science, however, biology did not develop until the last fewcenturies BC. Although Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine,influenced the development of medicine apart from its role in religion,it was Aristotle, astudent of Plato, who established observation andanalysis as the basic tools of biology. Of particular importance wereAristotle's observations of reproduction and his concepts for aclassification system.
As the center of learning shifted from Greece to Rome and then toAlexandria, so did the study of biology. From the 3d century BC to the2d century AD, studies primarily focused on agriculture and medicine.The Arabs dominated the study of biology during the Middle Ages andapplied their knowledge of the Greeks' discoveries to medicine.
The Renaissance was a period of rapid advances, especially inItaly,France, and Spain, where Greek culture was being rediscovered. In the15th and 16th centuries, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo becameskilled anatomists through their search for perfection in art. AndreasVesalius initiated the use of dissection as a teaching aid. His books,Fabrica (1543) and Fabrica, 2d ed. (1550), contained detailed anatomicalillustrations that became standards. In the 17th century William Harveyintroduced the use of experimentation in his studies ofthe humancirculatory system. His work marked the beginning of mammalianphysiology.
Basis for Modern Systematics
Consistent terminology and nomenclature were unknown in earlybiological studies, although Aristotle regularly described organisms bygenos and eidoes (genus and species). Sir Isaac Newton's Principia(1687) describes a rigid universe with an equally rigid classificationsystem. This was a typical approach of the period.
The leading botanical classification was that used in describing the medicinal values of plants.
Modern nomenclature based on a practical binomial system originatedwith Karl von Linné (Latinized to Carolus Linnaeus). In addition toarranging plants and animals into genus and species based on structure,he introduced the categories of class and order. Jean Baptiste Lamarckbased his system on function, since this accommodated his view of theinheritance of acquired characteristics. In 1817, Georges, Baron Cuvier,became the first to divide the entire animal kingdom into subgroups,for example, Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, and Radiata.
Explorations and Explorers
During the 18th and 19th centuries numerousimportant biologicalexpeditions were organized. Three ofthese, all British, made outstandingcontributions to biology. Sir Joseph Banks, on Captain Cook's shipEndeavor, explored (1768-71) the South Seas, collecting plants andanimals of Australia. Robert Brown, a student of Banks, visitedAustralia from 1801 to 1805 on the Investigator and returned with morethan 4,000 plant specimens. On perhaps the most famous voyage, CharlesDarwin circumnavigated (1831-36) the globe on the Beagle. Hisobservations of birds, reptiles, and flowering plants in the GalápagosIslands in 1835 laid the foundation for his theories on evolution, laterpublished in On the Origin of Species (1859).
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