[tjh27]

因了解湖泊水文學發展史需要，搜索與了解了湖泊學（湖沼學）發展史的一些文獻，順便介紹一下。

        一、《陸水學史》

        二、baike.baidu.com/item/%...C%E5%AD%A6

        湖沼學是一門有關湖沼研究的科學，即湖沼學是指對湖沼、河川、地下水等陸地水的物理、化學和生物現象進行研究的學科。

P.S.Welch把湖沼學看作是生態學的一個分支學科，限於對陸地水中的生物生產及其各影響因素的研究。

        因為湖沼學是限於陸地水的研究，且內陸鹹水湖與近海的半鹹水湖也都包括在內，所以湖沼學也可以稱為陸水學。

                                                                       發展簡史 

      1901年，Francois Alphonse Forel（弗朗索瓦·阿方斯·福勒爾，1841～1912）出版了湖沼學的第一本專著，宣告了這門學科的誕生。Forel是瑞士洛桑大學的生理學教授。這本著作是在Forel於1869年出版的《深水湖底棲動物》一書的基礎上寫成的，收集了他對13內瓦湖30多年的研究成果和他本人及其他學者對其他湖泊的測定數據，還包括他的3卷日內瓦湖湖沼學專論（1892～1904年出版）的綜合分析。在3卷日內瓦湖湖沼學專論中，前兩卷介紹該湖的地質學、物理學和化學；第三卷介紹該湖的生物學。Forel不但是湖沼學的創始人和命名人，還是早的生態學家。Forel認識到生物、氣候、水文、地質和理化環境之間存在著密切關系。

      與美國的Stephen Alfred Forbes（斯蒂芬·福布斯，1887）一樣，Forel認為湖泊是一個綜合單位或生態系統。更早些時候（1840～1850年），並非科學工作者的Thoreau在對瓦爾登湖進行了多年的觀察之後，也得出相似的結論。但是，Forel並不是第一個從事現今稱為湖沼學研究的人。他把湖沼學定義為“湖泊的海洋學“，承認海洋科學的居先發展對湖沼學的影響。18世紀末期和19世紀早期的湖沼學研究聚焦於湖泊和河流的物理學特征上。但是在Forel（1869）出版日內瓦湖底棲動物專著的同時，許多有關湖泊生物的論文也相繼問世。

        三、 www.tandfonline.com/do...4.11923880

      四、www.jstage.jst.go.jp/a...ial_1/_pdf

                                                   日本湖沼學文獻目録I

      五、esajournals.onlinelibr...23-95.2.33

       六、https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242483061_A_SHORT_HISTORY_OF_EIGHTY_YEARS_OF_LIMNOLOGY_IN_SPAIN

                                A SHORT HISTORY OF EIGHTY YEARS OF LIMNOLOGY IN SPAIN

       七、lter.limnology.wisc.ed...nt_archive

The CFL Document Archive is in Steenbock Library (UW Archives & Records Management), 550 Babcock Dr., University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The Archive contains:

• 
  
  documentation of the history of limnology in Wisconsin at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from the late 1800s to the present.
  
  
• 
  
  materials on the limnologists from Edward. A. Birge and Chancey Juday, to A. D. Hasler, and to John J. Magnuson, James F. Kitchell, and present faculty and staff.
  
  
• 
  
  materials and data from graduate students over the years.
  
  
• 
  
  major research programs such as the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research Program and Network, the Trophic Cascade, Little Rock Lake Experimental Acidification, and research on Lake Mendota and the Madison Lakes.
  
  
• 
  
  the formation of the Center for Limnology, and facilities at the Center’s field laboratories on Lake Mendota in Madison and Trout Lake in Northern Wisconsin.
  
  
• 
  
  additional materials, including (not a comprehensive list):...
  
  

      八、limnology.wisc.edu/abo...limnology/

WATCH VIEWS AND SOUNDS FROM OUR HISTORY: CENTER FOR LIMNOLOGY ARCHIVES WITH JOHN MAGNUSON

UW-Madison is known as the birthplace of limnology in North America.  Edward Birge and Chancey Juday were the pioneers of the field and Arthur Hasler continued the tradition by moving the CFL in new directions.

Edward A. Birge (1851-1950) was hired as zoologist at UW-Madison in 1875 and was joined by Chancey Juday in 1908.  Over a 40 year period, Birge and Juday tackled a wide range of research questions emphasizing the descriptive and comparative study of north-temperate lakes.  Though the death of Juday in 1944 left the program in decline, Arthur D. Hasler, a former student of Juday, returned to UW-Madison in 1937. Upon Hasler’s retirement in 1978, the limnology program included several leaders of the field – John Magnuson, Jim Kitchell, Stanley Dodson, and eventually Steve Carpenter.  While continuing Hasler’s tradition of fish studies, this group also expanded into long-term ecological research, climate change, ecosystem ecology, modeling, and regional and global perspectives on freshwaters.

The University, being only about 25 years old and 500 students, had no research program to speak of and no facilities to do it in. Besides teaching courses in several areas including zoology, botany, human anatomy and bacteriology, Birge played a major role in creating a research program for zoology and physiology. He was also one of the first to use research and individual laboratory work as a method of teaching.

Birge’s interest had little to do with limnology, however, until he accidentally came across a part written by France in 1894 discussing zooplankton migration in Lake Balaton in Hungary. Birge wondered if the zooplankton in Lake Mendota followed similar patterns and soon began to design equipment to study it. Thus, the adventure of Limnology at the University of Wisconsin began.

Trout Lake Survey – 1938 including Dr Birge and Dr Juday

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Chancey Juday (1871-1944) joined Birge as a half-time lecturer in the Department of Zoology in 1908 after working for the newly created Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey for several years. In 1909, he began teaching the first courses on limnology and plankton organisms. He also produced the first graduate students in limnology at the University.

After Juday’s arrival in the area, Birge and Juday began to work together as a team, initially concentrating their research on the Madison lakes, especially Mendota. Most of their early research was in dissolved gases in Wisconsin lakes. Their first joint publication was is 1908 and that was just the beginning. Over time they would be responsible for coauthoring over 1500 pages.

They were both field researchers, skeptical of laboratory experiments, hated “desk produced” papers and collected huge amounts of data, believing that if they collected enough data, it would speak for itself. They also knew that collaboration was the key to studying lakes. It was not unheard of to have up to 50 researchers from many different backgrounds, such as chemists, biologists, geologists and meteorologists involved in one publication. 

      九、www.researchgate.net/p...by_the_sea

                      Limnology in Sicily: A history of fresh waters surrounded by the sea

      十、link.springer.com/arti...BF00016229

                                         A Historical resumé of indian limnology

      十一、

      十二、blog.sciencenet.cn/blo...46889.html

                 日本水文及湖泊學界20世紀30年代對陸水學、湖沼學與水文學字面認知的分歧